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William Rayens | A Student-Centered Approach for Learning Statistical Reasoning | 9^th Edition

Thank you for your interest in Beyond the Numbers. Over the years we have made some changes based on student and instructor feedback, and this edition is no different. To learn more, click on Book Overview.

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Beyond the Numbers A Student-Centered Approach for Learning Statistical Reasoning

Book Overview

Dr. William Rayens has taught statistical reasoning at the University of Kentucky (U.K.) for about thirty-five years. This book addresses the needs of the statistical reasoning community, as well as the ever-growing universal need for statistically-literate citizens. There are several conceptuallyfocused statistical reasoning books on the market, but Beyond the Numbers: A Student-Centered Approach to Learning Statistical Reasoning is distinct in two noteworthy ways:

1. This text is unambiguously focused on statistical reasoning. Our goal is to help students competently consume statistical ideas that meet them where they live—both academically and personally. If you measure worth by the number of computations performed within this text, then it might seem light. If you measure worth based on the weight of the statistical reasoning that the chosen methods surface, then the book is heavy, indeed. Computations and exposure to different methods are still valued since they surely increase students’ life skills. But we have been careful not to allow students to be distracted by unnecessary computations since it has been our experience that they often find those easier to grasp than the more important understanding of what is gained from such computations.

2. This text is designed to shift the primary responsibility of learning to the student. Borrowing the words of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) educator Robert Talbert, the goal of this shift is to change the mindset of the student from a “renter” to an “owner.” In a classroom of renters, fees are paid and the management is expected to deliver. In a classroom of owners, however, students realize that it is their responsibility to engage, absorb, and retain. The instructor’s difficult, but important, job is to prepare an environment in which that can happen. This book, mostly through how its exercises are structured, is designed to help facilitate students’ transition from renters to owners. While the content is carefully constructed to prepare students to do the accompanying exercises, they will be asked repeatedly to read, comprehend, and assimilate in order to complete them.

How This Book Has Changed and Why

Beyond the Numbers: Student-Centered Activities for Learning Statistical Reasoning has undergone several important revisions over the years. The change in layout with the 8th edition (including a slight change in the name) is the most drastic. These changes are the result of feedback from colleagues and Dr. Rayens’ own experiences after nearly ten years using the book in slightly different forms along the way. We are convinced that what we have now will be easier for both the instructors and the students. In order to understand where we are now and why we are here, it is useful to take a broad view of where we have been. While Dr. Rayens doesn’t presume to speak for all his colleagues, and certainly not for others who have used this book, the comments that are made below reflect a fairly wide set of experiences presented with fully open eyes and a good sense of humor at the importance of being adaptable.

Period of Early Naiveté

Characterized By

No on-board content.
Flipped classroom.
All exercises required open response.
Material presented in non-traditional module format.
All student work was mapped to modules but appeared as a set of activities and not as exercises.

Reality on the Ground

This was the purest teaching that most of us had ever done.
It was a lot of work for the instructors.
Students in large introductory classes struggle with the focus and independence required by this challenging format.
Instructors found they had to make a lot of the connections for the students.

Period of Increasing Brain Size

Characterized By

Added on-board content.
Flipped classroom replaced with what we really intended: a studentcentered classroom.
All exercises still required open response
Material presented in non-traditional module format.
All student work was mapped to modules but appeared as a set of activities and not as exercises.

Reality on the Ground

On-board content helped a great deal with the students knowing where to go. Appealed more to their chapter-focused experiences in countless other courses.
Grading open response was a lot of work for instructors. In addition, many students struggled with writing coherent responses in the foreign language of inference.
Some instructors began changing the open response into well-formed multiple choice.
Students still struggled with the format of the activities and how to map those to the relevant content.

Period of Light

Characterized By

Material organized into chapters.
Activities were changed to so-named exercises following each chapter.
Material is no longer laid out as modules, but rather in a format that appears more traditional.
Exercises are now a combination of open response and multiple choice.

Reality on the Ground

Expect this format to be much easier for students and instructors.
Instructors can require the students to provide detailed explanations for their multiple choice answers. But they also have the option of just keeping them multiple choice which will make grading in large lecture classrooms realistic again.
Significantly more material has been added so that instructors now have more to choose from as they map out a semester plan.
All homework questions—multiple choice and open response—are available in rtf format for quick uploading (e.g., with Respondus) to standard course management systems such as Blackboard or Canvas.

Relevancy Still a Priority

If you are going to ask students to be actively involved in their own learning, it is important you engage them. With examples that are relevant to their day-to-day encounters, students are more likely to relate to the material. Once the connection is made, students tend to be drawn into the content and consequently become more involved in their own learning. To help make these critical connections, we have been careful in our choice of exercises. Throughout the book we address current topics that are not only illustrative in content, but are also relatable to the student. Some examples include the following:

A February 2014 study on gay marriage to facilitate the construction and interpretation of a confidence interval, when the margin of error is given.
A 2014 Gallup Organization–Purdue University report on the effects of one’s college choice to introduce the idea of using confidence intervals to make hypothesis-testing like decisions.
A study on the efficacy of social networking systems as instructional tools to demonstrate the empirical rule.

Another key to engagement is the presentation of the material. We have deliberately chosen a chapter design that is more open, friendly, and less formal than other textbooks that cover similar material. Don’t be fooled; the material is there. We have opted for a format that is more student-appealing.

Software as Part of a College Education

All students, from liberal arts majors to engineers, need to know how to use basic software suites to manipulate numbers, perform calculations, and create graphs. Sobered by how few students learned these basic skills as they progressed through college, we have long endeavored to integrate them naturally into the material in this book. While we encourage our students to use any software, even online applets, we illustrate some graphical and summary computation throughout with Microsoft Excel. The specific software doesn’t really matter, but students should probably have some basic exposure before graduating.

PREFACE: Beyond the Numbers

A Student-Centered Approach to Learning Statistical Reasoning XI

Overview of the Workbook XI

How This Book Has Changed and Why XI

Exercises Old and New XIII

Relevancy Still a Priority XIII

Software as Part of a College Education XIII

About the Author XIV

CHAPTER 1: Number Sense: Basic Numeracy 1

Introduction 1

Human Inference 1

Decimal Points and Deceptive Charts 3

Decimal Points 3

Deceptive Graphs 4

Chapter 1 Exercises 6

Reading Check 6

Beyond the Numbers 6

1. 1. 1. Cocaine and Kids 6
    2. Was Kobe Streaking? 8
    3. You Are So Random. Or Maybe Not. 8
    4. Cutting the Corpus Callosum 9
    5. Have I Got a Story for You! 10

Projects 11

1. 1. 1. Very Lucky Project 11
    2. Uncovering Your Own Slippery Evidence 11

CHAPTER 2: Number Sense: Basic Computational Skills and Benchmarks 13

Introduction 13

Check Calculations 13

Rate Rates 14

Say the Unsaid 15

Know Some Benchmarks 16

Master Background Bugaboos 18

Means and Medians 18

Back to College Level 19

Standard Deviation 20

Histograms 23

Chapter 2 Exercises 27

Reading Check 27

Beyond the Numbers 27

1. 1. 1. Nimble Numbers 27
    2. Violence in Chicago 29
    3. Difficult Dilbert Dialogue 31
    4. Contraception Deception 32
    5. Nursing Knowledge Needed 33
    6. Statistical Citizenship 33
    7. Winging Out Some Computations 35
    8. A BIGS Change 36
    9. Gates-Proof Inference 37
    10. The Spice of Life 38
    11. Visual Validation 41

Projects 42

1. 1. 1. Administration Salaries 42
    2. Reality Video 43

CHAPTER 3: Statistical Experiments and the Problem of Confounding 45

A Working Definition 45

Troublemaker: Confounding 45

Example Revisited 46

Necessary Language 47

Proper Comparisons and Randomization 48

The Placebo Effect 48

Vocabulary and Diagrams 49

Randomization 49

Statistical Significance 50

What’s the Issue? 31

Chapter 3 Exercises 53

Reading Check 53

Beyond the Numbers 54

1. 1. 1. Slippery Evidence and Confounding 54
    2. Make Mine a Large 55
    3. Brains and Beats 55
    4. Fuzzy Quasi Is a Bear 56
    5. Experimentation Takes Flight 58
    6. Catching on to Experimentation 59
    7. Cancer Carafe 61
    8. Of Mice and People 62
    9. Random Reflections 63
    10. Random Opposition 64
    11. A Badge of Big 65
    12. Designer Thoughts 66
    13. What to Believe? 68

Projects 69

1. 1. 1. Designing Your Own Experiment: Part I 69
    2. Reality Video 70

CHAPTER 4: Sampling: Purpose and Challenges 71

Introduction 71

How NOT to Sample 72

Simple Language 73

Simple Random Sampling 76

Practically Speaking 77

Key Idea Revisited 79

Dewey Defeats Truman 79

Chapter 4 Exercises 81

Practice and Basic Comprehension 81

Beyond the Numbers 81

1. 1. 1. Texting Error 81
    2. A Weak Majority 82
    3. Push and Pull Opinions 83
    4. Monkey Surveys 85
    5. Random Evolution 85
    6. Careful Counting 85
    7. Social Media Sampling 86
    8. Bravos for Bucks 87
    9. Bezos Bosom Buddy 88
    10. Gulliver Travels 88
    11. Fondue Folly 89
    12. No-Stumble Sampling 90
    13. Social Media Sampling—Revisited 91
    14. Purposive Sampling 92
    15. Getting Gallup 93
    16. Weighting Room 94

Projects 69

1. 1. 1. Conducting a Formal Survey: Part I 95
    2. Reality Video 97

CHAPTER 5: Confidence Intervals: What They Are and How We Use Them 99

Introduction 99

Random Sampling Error 100

Anatomy of the Confidence Interval 101

Margin of Error 101

Results for Sample Proportion 102

Results for Sample Mean 102

What Kind of Confidence? 103

Chapter 5 Exercises 106

Reading Check 106

Beyond the Numbers 106

1. 1. 1. MOE Information Needed 106
    2. Is It Warm in Here? 108
    3. Americans and Their Guns 109
    4. Sticker Shock 110
    5. A Common Challenge 112
    6. Inaugural Intervals 114

Projects 115

1. 1. 1. Conducting a Formal Survey: Part II 115
    2. Designing Your Own Experiment: Part II 117
    3. Reality Video 119

CHAPTER 6: Confidence Intervals: Where They Come From 121

Introduction 121

Sampling Distributions 121

The Empirical Rule 123

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion 125

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 127

So Where DO Confidence Intervals Come From? 129

Chapter 6 Exercises 131

Reading Check 131

Beyond the Numbers 131

1. 1. 1. Connecting Relative Area to Probability 131
    2. Face in Class Books 132
    3. Class on Facebook? 133
    4. Denying the Pass 134
    5. Making the Pass 135
    6. Sizing up a Poll 136

Projects 137

1. 1. 1. Rolling Bells 137
    2. Repetition Confidence 138
    3. Reality Video 140

CHAPTER 7: Sampling: When Probability Isn’t Enough 141

Introduction 141

Biased or Poorly Constructed Questions 142

Subject Nonresponse 143

Questions Are Too Sensitive 144

Subjects Are Too Busy or Uninterested 145

Consequences Are Real 145

Chapter 7 Exercises 147

Reading Check 147

Beyond the Numbers 147

1. 1. 1. That’s Getting Personal 147
    2. Bully Folly 148
    3. Healthcare and Harris Reform 148
    4. Survey Says! 150
    5. Pay to Play 151
    6. No Pay Replay 152
    7. Some Pay Saves Day 153
    8. No Pay for Your Say 153
    9. Knotty Not 154
    10. When You Say It That Way 154

Projects 155

1. 1. 1. Does Race Still Matter? 155
    2. Reality Video 156

CHAPTER 8: The Language of Decision Making 157

Introduction 157

Evaluating Screening Tests 157

Practicing the Computations 160

A Little More Language 165

Bayes’ Rule 165

Chapter 8 Exercises 168

Reading Check 168

Beyond the Numbers 168

1. 1. 1. Grading the FOB 168
    2. More on the FST 170
    3. Bending the Rules 172
    4. Stairway Stumble 174
    5. CAGE Practice 175
    6. Relevant Prevalence 177
    7. Will Count for Sex 178
    8. Let the Algebra Speak! 179
    9. Rarely Wrong 180
    10. Confirming Bayes’ Rule One More Time 180

Projects 181

1. 1. 1. Statistical Wooziness 181
    2. Party Test 183
    3. A Test for Gender 185
      Task 1—The Initial Validation Attempt 186
      Task 2—Reflection on the Initial Validation Attempt 187
      Task 3—The Initial Validation Attempt on the Subsetted Data 187
      Task 4—Reflection on This Initial Validation Attempt188Task 5—Putting This All Together 188
    4. Reality Video 190

CHAPTER 9: Hypothesis Testing: Concepts and Consumption 191

Introduction 191

A Paradigm for Hypothesis Testing 192

Reading with a Statistical Eye 195

The Elusive and Confusing p-value 201

Chapter 9 Exercises 203

Reading Check 203

Beyond the Numbers 203

1. 1. 1. Pumpkin Powered Prostates 203
    2. Stutter Stopper? 204
    3. Statistics and Libido 206
    4. Rocky Biloba 207
    5. Unofficially Dangerous? 209
    6. Prescription to Pass 210
    7. Albatross Adaptability 212
    8. Do I Have To? 212
    9. Dangerous Training 213
    10. Voucher Vouch 214
    11. Legally Speaking 215
    12. Alternative Evidence 216
    13. Power and Beauty 216
    14. Error Rates and p-Values 219

Projects 221

1. 1. 1. Statistical Significance in the News 221
    2. Reality Video 221

CHAPTER 10: Hypothesis Testing: Computations 223

Introduction 223

From Words to Parameters 223

When the Parameter Is a Proportion 225

Single-Sided with a Greater-than Alternative 225

Single-Sided with a Less-than Alternative 227

Double-Sided with a Not-Equal Alternative 228

When the Parameter Is a Mean 229

Chapter 10 Exercises 232

Reading Check 232

Beyond the Numbers 232

1. 1. 1. One and Done 232
    2. Party Green 233
    3. Got No Satisfaction? 233
    4. Cancer Treatment 234
    5. Vytorin Verified 235
    6. Mary Jane Brain 236
    7. Eureka or Not? 237
    8. Better than Chance? 238
    9. Crowd Control 239
    10. A Tail of Two Hypotheses 240
    11. Mean from the Corps 241
    12. Double Trouble 243
    13. New Use for Old Intervals 245

Projects 246

1. 1. 1. Conducting a Formal Survey: Part III 246
    2. Designing Your Own Experiment: Part III 248
    3. Reality Video 249

CHAPTER 11: Hypothesis Testing: Importance of Clinical Significance 251

Introduction 251

Informal Assessment of Practical Significance 252

Structured Assessment of Practical Significance 256

Minimal Clinically Important Difference 256

The Idea of Effect Size 258

From Effect Size to Sample Size 259

Chapter 11 Exercises 263

Reading Check 263

Beyond the Numbers 263

1. 1. 1. Effect Size Matters 263
    2. The Economics of No Significance 264
    3. The N Crowd 265
    4. Multivitamins and Cancer 267
    5. A Measure of Effect for Proportions 268

Projects 269

1. 1. 1. Effect Size and Error Rate 269
    2. Designing Your Own Experiment: Part IV 270
    3. Reality Video 272

CHAPTER 12: More than One Variable: Association and Correlation 273

Introduction 273

Measurement Levels 273

Association for Ratio Data 274

Graphical Representation of Association 274

Numerical Assessment of Association 278

Transforming a Curvilinear Scatter 281

Association for Nominal Data 283

Graphical Representation of Association 283

Numerical Assessment of Association 284

Chapter 12 Exercises 288

Reading Check 288

Beyond the Numbers 288

1. 1. 1. Data Leveling 288
    2. Anscombe’s Activity 290
    3. Mortality and Global Warming 291
    4. Global Warming Transformed 292
    5. Heptathletes 293
    6. Cage the Pools 295
    7. Smoking and Heart Health 296
    8. Smoking and Heart Health 297

Projects 297

1. 1. 1. Ball Park or Bull’s Eye? 297
    2. Drug Deaths and Income 299
    3. Reality Video 300

CHAPTER 13: Association and Causation: More than Meets the Eye 301

Introduction 301

Spurious Curious 302

Correlation as Evidence of Causation 306

Simpson’s Paradox 309

Chapter 13 Exercises 311

Reading Check 311

Beyond the Numbers 311

1. 1. 1. Biology for Breakfast 311
    2. Mortality and Global Warming 313
    3. Some Bran Flakes on My Doughnut, Please 313
    4. College Sex at Berkeley 314
    5. Race and the Death Penalty 316

Projects 318

1. 1. 1. Experts’ Advice 318
    2. I Got Your Simpson Right Here 318
    3. Reality Video 320

Appendix 321

Introduction 321

Quick Reference 322

Tables 324

Cancer Survival Data Table 328

Child Mortality Rate and CO₂ Emissions 329

Standard Score Table 334

Three Sample Rubrics for Assessing Group Work 335

Peer Evaluation Form for Group Work 335

Exercises Old and New

If you had the opportunity to use one of the earlier editions of this book, then you will be pleased to know that nearly all of the activities have remained the same. A few have been absorbed into the chapter material, but most are simply positioned in the format of exercises following the appropriate content. There have been quite a few new exercises added. All of these are in the same student-centered format that has always characterized this book. Every chapter has at least two project activities as well, and two different capstone projects emerge one step at a time as different chapters are covered.

Data Sets

Chapter 1: Number Sense: Basic Numeracy – 1

Table 1.1 – 7

Proportions of pupils who took individual dugs in the last year: 2001 to 2006^{1, 2, 3}

Type of Drug	Percentages
Type of Drug	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Cannabis	13.4	13.2	13.3	11.3	11.7	10.1
Any Stimulants	5.6	6.2	6.1	5.4	6.2	6.2
Cocaine	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.9	1.6
Crack	1.1	1	1.2	1.1	1	0.8
Ecstasy	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.6
Amphetamines⁴	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2
Poppers	3.4	4.3	4	3.4	3.9	4.2

Table 1.1.xlsx

Chapter 2: Number Sense: Basic Computational Skills and Benchmarks – 13

Table 2.1 – 14

CVG Airport July 2014–June 2015
Airline	Total Flights	Delayed Flights
Delta	6478	227
ExpressJet	4664	578
Frontier	1542	185
American Eagle	5636	744
SkyWest	3387	325

Table 2.1.xlsx

Table 2.2 – 18

Position	Minimum Salary
Senior Vice President	$661,000
Director of Operations	$304,000
Director of Engineering	$300,000
Senior Director, Product Management	$296,000
Director, Global Partnership	$286,000
Senior Director, Talent Management	$282,000
Finance Director	$272,000
Director, Product Management	$268,000
Global Creative Director	$258,000
Director of Marketing	$245,000

Table 2.2.xlsx

Table 2.3 – 19

Position	Minimum Salary
Senior Vice President	$661,000
Director of Operations	$304,000
Director of Engineering	$300,000
Senior Director, Product Management	$296,000
Director, Global Partnership	$286,000
Senior Director, Talent Management	$282,000
Finance Director	$272,000
Director, Product Management	$268,000
Global Creative Director	$258,000
Director of Marketing	$245,000

Table 2.3.xlsx

Table 2.4 – 21

Salary	(Salary – $317,200)	(Salary – $317,200)²
$661,000	$343,800	118198440000.00
$304,000	–$13,200	174240000
$300,000	–$17,200	295840000
$296,000	–$21,200	449440000
$286,000	–$31,200	973440000
$282,000	–$35,200	1239040000
$272,000	–$45,200	2043040000
$268,000	–$49,200	2420640000
$258,000	–$59,200	3504640000
$245,000	–$72,200	5212840000

Table 2.4.xlsx

Table 2.5 – 22

Position	Minimum Salary
Executive Director	54,875
Volunteer Coordinator	32,598
Store Manager	35,560
Project Manager	55,751
Director	82,734
Transportation Manager	52,048
Program Manager	48,000
Manager	56,203
Director of Development	46,827
Logistics Manager	57,156

Table 2.5.xlsx

Table 2.6 – 22

Statistic	Google	Habitat for Humanity
Mean	$317,200	$46,465
Standard Deviation	$122,252.74	$21,254,25
Coefficient of Variation	0.39	0.46

Table 2.6.xlsx

Table 2.7 – 24

Salary Bin	Number of Salaries in Bin	Relative Number in Bin
$221,000 to $260,000	2	0.2
$261,000 to $300,000	6	0.6
$301,000 to $340,000	1	0.1
$341,000 to $380,000	0	0
$381,000 to $420,000	0	0
$421,000 to $460,000	0	0
$461,000 to $500,000	0	0
$501,000 to $540,000	0	0
$541,000 to $580,000	0	0
$581,000 to $620,000	0	0
$621,000 to $660,000	0	0
$661,000 to $700,000	1	0.1

Table 2.7.xlsx

Table 2.8 – 29

Year	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Murders	667	656	601	453	451	471	448	513	459	436	435	506

Table 2.8.xlsx

Table 2.9 – 35

Person	Wingspan (in)
1	70
2	63
3	72
4	67
5	65
6	65
7	68
8	64
9	67
10	71

Table 2.9.xlsx

Table 2.10 – 36

Person	Wingspan (in)
1	70
2	63
3	72
4	67
5	65
6	65
7	68
8	64
9	67
10	71
Anthony Davis	88

Table 2.10.xlsx

Table 2.11 Data Set 1 – 38

Ordinary Person	Wingspan (in)	NBA Person	Wingspan (in)
Barney	70	Ike Diogu	88
Bee	73	Anthony Davis	88
Floyd	72	Shelden Williams	88
Helen	69	Elton Brand	90
Thelma	69	Shawn Bradley	90
Gomer	68	Bismack Biyombo	90
Andy	68	Saer Sene	93
Opie	64	George Muresan	94
Otis	73	Manute Bol	102

Table 2.11.xlsx

Table 2.12 – 39

Interval (Bin)	Frequency
Wingspan ≤ 60	0
60 < Wingspan ≤ 65	1
65 < Wingspan ≤ 70	5
70 < Wingspan ≤ 75	3
75 < Wingspan ≤ 80	0
80 < Wingspan ≤ 85	0
85 < Wingspan ≤ 90	–
90 < Wingspan ≤ 95	2
95 < Wingspan ≤ 100	0
100 < Wingspan ≤ 105	1

Table 2.12.xlsx

Chapter 3: Statistical Experiments and the Problem of Confounding – 45

Table 3.1 – 50

Treatment	Number of Patients	How Many Developed Aids
800 mg	52	0
600 mg	55	6
Placebo	56	10

Table 3.1.xlsx

Table 3.3 – 60

Distance (cm)	Time (sec)	Distance (cm)	Time (sec)
1	0.045	16	0.181
2	0.064	17	0.186
3	0.078	18	0.192
4	0.09	19	0.197
5	0.101	20	0.202
6	0.111	21	0.207
7	0.119	22	0.212
8	0.128	23	0.217
9	0.135	24	0.221
10	0.143	25	0.226
11	0.15	26	0.23
12	0.156	27	0.235
13	0.163	28	0.239
14	0.169	29	0.243
15	0.175	30	0.247

Table 3.3.xlsx

Table 3.6 – 65

Group R	Time (sec)	Group L	Time (sec)
1	0.09	1	0.111
2	0.119	2	0.181
3	0.143	3	0.09
4	0.169	4	0.186
5	0.064	5	0.045
6	0.15	6	0.143

Table 3.6.xlsx

Table 3.7 – 66

Left	Right
1	1.05
0.74	0.76
0.66	0.71
0.78	0.79
0.68	0.69
0.65	0.72
0.75	0.75
0.69	0.72
0.94	0.99
0.79	0.8
0.81	0.82
0.62	0.67

Table 3.7.xlsx

Chapter 4: Sampling: Purpose and Challenges – 71

Table 4.5 Results of a Random Sample of 100 Likely Voters – 94

	Planned to Vote “Obama”	Planned to Vote “Romney”
80 Democrats	70%	30%
20 Republicans	20%	80%

Table 4.5.xlsx

Chapter 5: Confidence Intervals: What They Are and How We Use Them – 99

Table 5.1 Statistics Based on Samples of Size 50 – 101

36	36	42	30	28
38	46	48	38	36
42	38	28	36	40
32	32	38	32	36
34	46	32	36	36
46	48	36	48	44
36	40	38	50	40
22	46	44	36	38
26	30	34	34	36
20	38	36	36	60
48	28	46	34	34
40	36	32	50	32

34	36	34	48	32
32	40	38	34	40
36	44	42	36	38
36	36	36	42	40
56	42	28	52	36
40	38	26	36	34
30	38	36	36	32
36	48	36	34	28
32	38	38	36	48
40	32	42	40	42
30	32	44	44	36

Table 5.1.xlsx

Table 5.2 Confidence Coefficients – 101

C% If You Want a Level of Confidence of:		z* Then Use This Confidence Coefficient
50%	→	0.67
60%	→	0.84
70%	→	1.04
80%	→	1.28
90%	→	1.64
95%	→	2
99%	→	2.58
99.9%	→	3.29

Table 5.2.xlsx

Table 5.3 Confidence Intervals for Repeated Samples of Size 50 – 104

Sample % “Yes”	Confidence Interval	Sample % “Yes”	Confidence Interval	Sample % “Yes”	Confidence Interval	Sample % “Yes”	Confidence Interval	Sample % “Yes”	Confidence Interval
36	(21.86, 50.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	42	(27.86, 56.14)	30	(15.86, 44.14)	28	(13.86, 42.14)
38	(23.86, 52.14)	46	(31.86, 60.14)	48	(33.86, 62.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)
42	(27.86, 56.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	28	(13.86, 42.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)
32	(17.86, 46.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)
34	(19.86, 48.14)	46	(31.86, 60.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)
46	(31.86, 60.14)	48	(33.86, 62.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	48	(33.86, 62.14)	44	(29.86, 58.14)
36	(21.86, 50.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	50	(35.86, 64.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)
22	(7.86, 36.14)	46	(31.86, 60.14)	44	(29.86, 58.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)
26	(11.86, 40.14)	30	(15.86, 44.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)
20	(5.86, 34.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	60	(45.86, 74.14)
48	(33.86, 62.14)	28	(13.86, 42.14)	46	(31.86, 60.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)
40	(25.86, 54.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)	50	(35.86, 64.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)
34	(19.86, 48.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)	48	(33.86, 62.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)
32	(17.86, 46.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)
36	(21.86, 50.14)	44	(29.86, 58.14)	42	(27.86, 56.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)
36	(21.86, 50.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	42	(27.86, 56.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)
56	(41.86, 70.14)	42	(27.86, 56.14)	28	(13.86, 42.14)	52	(37.86, 66.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)
40	(25.86, 54.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	26	(11.86, 40.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)
30	(15.86, 44.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)
36	(21.86, 50.14)	48	(33.86, 62.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	34	(19.86, 48.14)	28	(13.86, 42.14)
32	(17.86, 46.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	38	(23.86, 52.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)	48	(33.86, 62.14)
40	(25.86, 54.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)	42	(27.86, 56.14)	40	(25.86, 54.14)	42	(27.86, 56.14)
30	(15.86, 44.14)	32	(17.86, 46.14)	44	(29.86, 58.14)	44	(29.86, 58.14)	36	(21.86, 50.14)

Table 5.3.xlsx

Table 5.4 Percentages of Subjects Agreeing with the Statement1 – 112

Statement	First Year Students (n = 442)	Master Students (n = 34)	Researchers (n = 118)
1. The probability that the true proportion is greater than 0 is at least 95%.	51%	32%	38%
2. The probability that the true proportion equals 0 is smaller than 5%.	55%	44%	47%
3 There is a 95% probability that the true proportion lies between 0.1 and 0.4.	58%	50%	59%
4. We can be 95% confident that the true proportion lies between 0.1 and 0.4.	49%	50%	55%
5. If we were to repeat the experiment over and over, then 95% of the time the true proportion falls between 0.1 and 0.4.	66%	79%	58%

Table 5.4.xlsx

Table 5.5 – 114

President	Age at Inauguration
James Madison	57 years, 353 days
Martin Van Buren	54 years, 89 days
Millard Fillmore	50 years, 183 days
Warren G. Harding	55 years, 122 days
William McKinley	54 years, 34 days
William Howard Taft	51 years, 170 days
George Washington	57 years, 67 days
Benjamin Harrison	55 years, 196 days
Franklin D. Roosevelt	51 years, 33 days
Ulysses S. Grant	46 years, 311 days

Table 5.5.xlsx

Chapter 6: Confidence Intervals: Where They Come From – 121

Table 6.1 Counts and percentages from the college scorecard data – 123

Interval	Count	Percentage out of 1384
Between 1055.616 – (1 × 18.863) and 1055.616 + (1 × 18.863)	988	71.40%
Between 1055.616 – (2 × 18.863) and 1055.616 + (2 × 18.863)	1300	93.90%
Between 1055.616 – (3 × 18.863) and 1055.616 + (3 × 18.863)	1384	100%

Table 6.1.xlsx

Table 6.2 Study Results1 – 133

Response	Number of Subjects Choosing This Response
1 – Strongly Disagree	9
2 – Disagree	43
3 – Neutral/Undecided	59
4 – Agree	52
5 – Strongly Agree	18

Table 6.2.xlsx

Chapter 7: Sampling: When Probability Isn’t Enough – 141

Table 7.1 – 144

Item	Percentage Nonresponse
Total household income	8.15
No. of lifetime male sexual partners	3.05
Received public assistance	2.22
No. of times had sex in past 4 weeks	1.37
Age of first sexual intercourse	0.87
Blood tested for HIV	0.65
Age of first menstrual period	0.39
Highest grade completed	0.04

Table 7.1.xlsx

Table 7.2 – 151

Incentive Group (Early Response)	Number of Respondents	Number of Non-Respondents
Group 1 ($0)	66	336
Group 2 ($20)	120	271
Group 3 ($30)	138	266
Total	324	873

Table 7.2.xlsx

Table 7.3 – 152

Incentive Group (Early Response)	Number of Respondents	Number of Non-Respondents
Group 1 ($0)	109	227
Group 2 ($20)	91	180
Group 3 ($30)	96	170
Total	296	577

Table 7.3.xlsx

Table 7.4 – 153

Incentive Group (Early Response)	Number of Respondents	Number of Non-Respondents
NF1 ($0)	98	190
NF2 ($30)	135	154

Table 7.4.xlsx

Chapter 8: The Language of Decision Making – 157

Table 8.1 – 159

Kit Type	% Time Kit Didn’t Say Subject Was Pregnant, When She Actually Was
Ova II	47.4
Predictor	3
Answer	22
Daisy 2	18
e.p.t.	18
e.p.t. plus	10
Advance	14
Fact	0
Answer 2	0
First Response	7.1
Advance	8.8

Table 8.1.xlsx

Table 8.2 – 159

Kit Type	% Time Kit Didn’t Say Subject Was Pregnant, When She Actually Was
Ova II	48.1
Predictor	4
Answer	36
Daisy 2	36
e.p.t.	25
e.p.t. plus	8
Advance	9
Fact	6.5
Answer 2	6.5
First Response	0
Advance	0

Table 8.2.xlsx

Table 8.3 – 160

Kit Type	FNR	FPR
Ova II	47.4	48.1
Predictor	3	4
Answer	22	36
Daisy 2	18	36
e.p.t.	18	25
e.p.t. plus	10	8
Advance	14	9
Fact	0	6.5
Answer 2	0	6.5
First Response	7.1	0
Advance	8.8	0

Table 8.3.xlsx

Table 8.4 – 161

	Actual Status
ImPACT Prediction	Athlete was, in reality, not concussed	Athlete was, in reality, concussed	Totals
ImPACT said “not concussed”	59	13	72
ImPACT said “concussed”	7	59	66
Totals	66	72	138

Table 8.4.xlxs

Table 8.5 – 162

	Actual Status as determined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV
Beck Inventory Indication	Patient was, in reality, not depressed	Patient was, in reality, depressed	Totals
Beck said “not depressed”	66	5	71
Beck said “depressed”	12	12	24
Totals	78	17	95

Table 8.5.xlsx

Table 8.6 – 163

Case	HGN	OLS	WAT	Total FST	Actual BAC
229	0	0	1	1	0
254	0	0	1	1	0.02
66		1		1	0.067
142	2	0	0	2	0.005
217	2	0	0	2	0.03
191	2			2	0.034
182	2	0	0	2	0.038
109	2			2	0.04
259	2	0	0	2	0.04
199	0	1	1	2	0.048
13	2	0	0	2	0.05
2	2			2	0.06
67	2		1	3	0.022
145	0	3	0	3	0.03
53	2	0	1	3	0.032
15	2	0	1	3	0.04
287	2	0	1	3	0.04
89	2	1	0	2	0.05
123	0	1	2	3	0.05
258	2	1	0	3	0.053
35	2	0	2	3	0
11	2	1	1	4	0.01
247	4			4	0.016
6	2	0	2	4	0.02
294	2	0	2	4	0.02
231	2	0	2	4	0.03
74	2	1	1	4	0.04
214	2	1	1	4	0.04
58	4			4	0.05
14	2	1	1	4	0.058
34	4	0	0	4	0.058
12	2	0	2	4	0.06
211	2	1	1	4	0.06
232	4	0	0	4	0.06
293	2	2	0	4	0.06
130	2	1	1	4	0.07
297	4			4	0.08
271	2	0	2	4	0.1
119		2	2	4	0.121

Table 8.6.xlsx

Table 8.7 Using Total FST ≥ 2 to Designate "Drunk" – 164

FST Decision	Actual BAC		Totals
FST Decision	< 0.04% (Sober)	≥ 0.04% (Drunk)	Totals
Sober	9	11	20
Drunk	20	256	276
Totals	29	267	296	Given

Table 8.7.xlsx

Table 8.8 – 165

	Actual Status
ImPACT Prediction	Athlete was, in reality, not concussed	Athlete was, in reality, concussed	Totals
ImPACT said “not concussed”	59	13	72
ImPACT said “concussed”	7	59	66
Totals	66	72	138

Table 8.4.xlsx

Table 8.9 Performance of the FOB – 168

	Patients with Bowel Cancer (as confirmed on endoscopy)
FOB Test	Positive	Negative
Positive	2	18
Negative	1	182

Table 8.9.xlsx

Table 8.10 – 170

HGN	OLS	WAT	Actual BAC	HGN	OLS	WAT	Actual BAC
0	0	1	0.000	4	1	0	0.020
2	0	2	0.000	2	—	1	0.020
2	5	2	0.000	2	3	1	0.027
2	0	0	0.005	6	2	2	0.028
2	1	1	0.010	0	3	0	0.030
2	1	2	0.010	2	0	0	0.030
4	—	—	0.016	2	0	2	0.030
2	2	2	0.017	2	1	2	0.030
4	2	4	0.017	—	2	3	0.030
0	0	1	0.020	2	0	1	0.030
2	0	2	0.020	2	—	—	0.034
2	1	2	0.020	3	3	3	0.037
2	3	3	0.020	2	0	0	0.038
2	0	2	0.020	2	3	1	0.039
2	1	2	0.020

Table 8.10.xlsx

Table 8.11 – 171

FST Decision	Actual BAC		Totals
FST Decision	< 0.04%	≥ 0.04%	Totals
Sober	A	2	D
Drunk	B	265	E
Totals	C	267	296

Table 8.11.xlsx

Table 8.12 – 171

FST Decision	Actual BAC		Totals
FST Decision	< 0.04% (Sober)	≥ 0.04% (Drunk)	Totals
Sober	18	22	40
Drunk	11	245	256
Totals	29	267	296

Table 8.12.xlsx

Table 8.13 Using Total FST ≥ 2 to Designate "Drunk" – 172

FST Decision	Actual BAC		Totals
FST Decision	< 0.04% (Sober)	≥ 0.04% (Drunk)	Totals
Sober	2	1	3
Drunk	27	266	293
Totals	29	267	296

Table 8.13.xlsx

Table 8.15– 173

Cutoff (Rule)	Sensitivity	Specificity
≤ 5 suggests hypothyroidism	0.56	0.99
≤ 7 suggests hypothyroidism	0.78	0.81
≤ 9 suggests hypothyroidism	0.91	0.42

Table 8.15.xlsx

Table 8.16– 174

	Truth Regarding Fracture		Totals
Predicted by the Ottawa Ankle Test	CA	CP	Totals
T–	51	5	56
T+	277	88	365
Totals	328	93	421

Table 8.16.xlsx

Table 8.17 Ankle Test Results – 174

	Truth Regarding Fracture		Totals
Predicted by the Ottawa Ankle Test	Not Fractured	Fractured	Totals
Not Fractured	5	21	26
Fractured	26	369	395
Totals	31	390	421

Table 8.17.xlsx

Table 8.18 Alcohol Test Results – 176

	Truth Regarding Fracture		Totals
Predicted by CAGE Test	No Alcohol Problem	Alcohol Problem	Totals
No Alcohol Problem	400	57	457
Alcohol Problem	1	60	61
Totals	401	117	518

Table 8.18.xlsx

Table 8.19 Cancer Test Results – 177

	Truth Regarding Fracture		Totals
Predicted by Test	No Liver Cancer	Liver Cancer	Totals
No Liver Cancer	543	18	561
Liver Cancer	29	12	41
Totals	572	30	602

Table 8.19.xlsx

Table 8.20 Gender Test Results – 178

	Truth Regarding Fracture		Totals
Predicted by Test	Male	Female	Totals
Male	0	3	3
Female	10	55	65
Totals	10	58	68

Table 8.20.xlsx

Table 8.22 – 180

	Actual Status as determined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV
Beck Inventory Indication	Patient was, in reality, not depressed	Patient was, in reality, depressed	Totals
Beck said “not depressed”	66	5	71
Beck said “depressed”	12	12	24
Totals	78	17	95

Table 8.5.xlsx

Table 8.26 Using Total Name Length > 6 to Designate "Female" – 186

Test Decision	Actual Gender		Totals
Test Decision	Female	Male	Totals
Female	58	41	99
Male	0	0	0
Totals	58	41	99
	Sensitivity = (58/58)*100% = 100%	Specificity = (0/41)*100% = 0%
Accuracy = (58/99)Sensitivity + (41/99)Specificity = (58/99) = 0.59

Table 8.26.xlsx

Table 8.29 Reduced Data Set for Tasks 3 and 4 – 187

Student	Length of Name	Student	Length of Name
Male 1	21	Male 6	15
Male 2	12	Male 7	13
Male 3	12	Male 8	12
Male 4	10	Male 9	15
Male 5	14	Male 10	13

Table 8.29.xlsx

Table 8.30 Using Total Name Length > 6 to Designate "Female" – 187

Test Decision	Actual Gender		Totals
Test Decision	Female	Male	Totals
Female	58	41	99
Male	0	0	0
Totals	58	41	99
	Sensitivity = (58/58)*100% = 100%	Specificity = (0/41)*100% = 0%
Accuracy = (58/99)Sensitivity + (41/99)Specificity = (58/99) = 0.59

Table 8.26.xlsx

Table 8.33 – 189

Student	Gender	Length of Name	Student	Gender	Length of Name	Student	Gender	Length of Name
Female Student 1	F	10	Female Student 43	F	12	Male Student 27	M	12
Female Student 2	F	13	Female Student 44	F	18	Male Student 28	M	11
Female Student 3	F	12	Female Student 45	F	13	Male Student 29	M	14
Female Student 4	F	12	Female Student 46	F	14	Male Student 30	M	11
Female Student 5	F	13	Female Student 47	F	15	Male Student 31	M	15
Female Student 6	F	15	Female Student 48	F	10	Male Student 32	M	14
Female Student 7	F	13	Female Student 49	F	13	Male Student 33	M	9
Female Student 8	F	12	Female Student 50	F	14	Male Student 34	M	13
Female Student 9	F	11	Female Student 51	F	12	Male Student 35	M	16
Female Student 10	F	11	Female Student 52	F	17	Male Student 36	M	12
Female Student 11	F	14	Female Student 53	F	11	Male Student 37	M	9
Female Student 12	F	22	Female Student 54	F	14	Male Student 38	M	9
Female Student 13	F	11	Female Student 55	F	11	Male Student 39	M	16
Female Student 14	F	15	Female Student 56	F	9	Male Student 40	M	14
Female Student 15	F	13	Female Student 57	F	13	Male Student 41	M	12
Female Student 16	F	11	Female Student 58	F	14
Female Student 17	F	9	Male Student 1	M	21
Female Student 18	F	11	Male Student 2	M	12
Female Student 19	F	13	Male Student 3	M	12
Female Student 20	F	17	Male Student 4	M	10
Female Student 21	F	13	Male Student 5	M	14
Female Student 22	F	12	Male Student 6	M	15
Female Student 23	F	13	Male Student 7	M	13
Female Student 24	F	17	Male Student 8	M	12
Female Student 25	F	9	Male Student 9	M	15
Female Student 26	F	12	Male Student 10	M	13
Female Student 27	F	13	Male Student 11	M	12
Female Student 28	F	13	Male Student 12	M	12
Female Student 29	F	14	Male Student 13	M	16
Female Student 30	F	13	Male Student 14	M	10
Female Student 31	F	11	Male Student 15	M	11
Female Student 32	F	14	Male Student 16	M	12
Female Student 33	F	11	Male Student 17	M	10
Female Student 34	F	15	Male Student 18	M	10
Female Student 35	F	13	Male Student 19	M	12
Female Student 36	F	13	Male Student 20	M	14
Female Student 37	F	14	Male Student 21	M	11
Female Student 38	F	14	Male Student 22	M	12
Female Student 39	F	14	Male Student 23	M	19
Female Student 40	F	13	Male Student 24	M	19
Female Student 41	F	10	Male Student 25	M	15
Female Student 42	F	13	Male Student 26	M	11

Table 8.33.xlsx

Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing: Computations – 223

Table 10.1 Finch Survival Rates – 238

Site	Observed Survival Rate with Drug	Number of Finches Studied	Able to Reject H₀: p ≤ 0.32?
1	0.35	n = 100	No
2	0.34	n = 100	No
3	0.31	n = 100	No
4	0.33	n = 100	No
5	0.33	n = 100	No
6	0.35	n = 100	No
7	0.35	n = 100	No
8	0.33	n = 100	No
9	0.30	n = 100	No
10	0.34	n = 100	No
11	0.34	n = 100	No
12	0.30	n = 100	No
13	0.34	n = 100	No
14	0.31	n = 100	No
15	0.31	n = 100	No
16	0.31	n = 100	No
17*	0.45	n = 100	Yes
18	0.30	n = 100	No
19	0.35	n = 100	No
20	0.33	n = 100	No

Table 10.1.xlsx

Table 10.3 – 240

Sleep (Hours)	Average Pain Rating	Standard Deviation	Sample Size
0–3	1.36	1.51	75
4	1.13	1.36	166
5	0.94	1.29	434
6	0.79	1.11	1,138
7	0.73	1.11	1,568
8	0.75	1.13	1,557
9	0.71	1.09	339
10	1.24	1.4	119
11+	1.78	1.59	66

Table 10.3.xlsx

Table 10.4 Crown's Setup Times – 241

Attempt	Setup Time
1	200
2	189
3	180
4	168
5	168
6	195
7	167
8	200
9	167
10	210
11	185
12	167
13	190
14	180
15	175
16	175
17	182
18	171
19	202
20	195
21	212
22	203
23	150
24	175
25	200
26	182
27	184
28	165
29	203
30	180

Table 10.4.xlsx

Table 10.5 Pain Relief Results – 244

Sleep (Hours)	Average Pain Rating	Standard Deviation	Sample Size
0–3	1.36	1.51	75
4	1.13	1.36	166
5	0.94	1.29	434
6	0.79	1.11	1,138
7	0.73	1.11	1,568
8	0.75	1.13	1,557
9	0.71	1.09	339
10	1.24	1.4	119
11+	1.78	1.59	66

Table 10.3.xlsx

Chapter 11: Hypothesis Testing: Importance of Clinical Significance – 251

Table 11.1 Pain Relief Results – 259

Sleep (Hours)	Average Pain Rating	Standard Deviation	Sample Size
5	0.94	1.29	434
8	0.75	1.13	1,557

Table 11.1.xlsx

Table 11.2 Cohen's Thresholds for d – 261

Cohen’s Thresholds for d
Small	Medium	Large	Very Large
0.20	0.50	0.80	1.30

Table 11.2.xlsx

Chapter 12: More than One Variable: Association and Correlation – 273

Table 12.1 – 275

Year	DTP Coverage (%)	Number of Autism Cases
1980	50.9	176
1981	55.4	201
1982	52.1	212
1983	47.7	229
1984	48.9	246
1985	54.3	293
1986	54.1	357
1987	55.3	347
1988	60.9	436
1989	62.2	522
1990	65.9	663
1991	67.3	823
1992	69.8	1042
1993	73.6	1090
1994	75.7	1182

Table 12.1.xlsx

Table 12.2 – 276

HWY MPG	CO₂/Mile	HWY MPG	CO₂/Mile	HWY MPG	CO₂/Mile	HWY MPG	CO₂/Mile
48.00	133.00	36.00	298.00	32.00	348.00	30.00	408.00
49.00	178.00	35.00	302.00	34.00	346.00	29.00	403.00
45.00	188.00	37.00	303.00	31.00	355.00	29.00	403.00
41.00	209.00	37.00	308.00	31.00	354.00	28.00	413.00
39.00	215.00	37.00	304.00	31.00	349.00	28.00	417.00
37.00	225.00	36.00	310.00	32.00	362.00	28.00	422.00
38.00	224.00	36.00	310.00	32.00	361.00	28.00	417.00
36.00	129.00	36.00	307.00	31.00	362.00	26.00	443.00
36.00	129.00	35.00	317.00	31.00	358.00	25.00	446.00
40.00	237.00	36.00	316.00	30.00	371.00
40.00	237.00	36.00	311.00	30.00	371.00
40.00	239.00	35.00	323.00	31.00	369.00
39.00	242.00	35.00	314.00	31.00	369.00
44.00	293.00	36.00	322.00	29.00	385.00
42.00	298.00	36.00	322.00	28.00	390.00
40.00	275.00	34.00	324.00	32.00	385.00
38.00	282.00	34.00	330.00	32.00	385.00
38.00	284.00	32.00	344.00	31.00	379.00
36.00	292.00	34.00	338.00	29.00	399.00
38.00	293.00	33.00	338.00	27.00	405.00

Table 12.2.xlsx

Table 12.3 – 277

Burger Brand	Fat	Sodium
A	19	920
B	31	1500
C	34	1310
D	35	860
E	39	1180
F	39	940
G	43	1260

Table 12.3.xlsx

Table 12.4 – 278

Country	Life Expectancy	TV/Person	Country	Life Expectancy	TV/Person
Argentina	70.5	0.250	Morocco	64.5	0.048
Bangladesh	53.5	0.003	Myanmar (Burma)	54.5	0.002
Brazil	65.0	0.250	Pakistan	56.5	0.014
Canada	76.5	0.588	Peru	64.5	0.071
China	70	0.125	Philippines	64.5	0.114
Colombia	71	0.179	Poland	73	0.256
Egypt	60.5	0.067	Romania	72	0.167
Ethiopia	51.5	0.002	Russia	69	0.312
France	78	0.385	South Africa	64	0.091
Germany	76	0.385	Spain	78.5	0.385
India	57.5	0.023	Sudan	53	0.043
Indonesia	61	0.042	Taiwan	75	0.312
Iran	64.5	0.043	Thailand	68.5	0.091
Italy	78.5	0.263	Turkey	70	0.200
Japan	79	0.556	Ukraine	70.5	0.333
Kenya	61	0.010	United Kingdom	76	0.333
Korea-North	70	0.011	United States	75.5	0.769
Korea-South	70	0.204	Venezuela	74.5	0.179
Mexico	72	0.152	Vietnam	65	0.034

Table 12.4.xlsx.

Table 12.5 – 279

DTP Coverage “x“	Number of Austism Cases “y“	“xy“	“x²“	“y²“
50.9	176	8958.4	2590.81	30976
55.4	201	11135.4	3069.16	40401
52.1	212	11045.2	2714.41	44944
47.7	229	10923.3	2275.29	52441
48.9	246	12029.4	2391.21	60516
54.3	293	15909.9	2948.49	85849
54.1	357	19313.7	2926.81	127449
55.3	347	19189.1	3058.09	120409
60.9	436	26552.4	3708.81	190096
62.2	522	32468.4	3868.84	272484
65.9	663	43691.7	4342.81	439569
67.3	823	55387.9	4529.29	677329
69.8	1042	72731.6	4872.04	1085764
73.6	1090	80224	5416.96	1188100
75.7	1182	89477.4	5730.49	1397124
Σx = 894.1	Σy = 7819	Σxy = 509037.8	Σx² = 54443.51	Σy² = 5813451

Table 12.5.xlsx

Table 12.6 – 283

	Hepatitis	No Hepatitis
Tattoo	25	88
No Tattoo	22	491

Table 12.6.xlsx

Table 12.7 – 283

	Hepatitis	No Hepatitis
Tattoo	22.12%	77.88%
No Tattoo	4.29%	95.71%

Table 12.7.xlsx

Table 12.8 – 285

	Hepatitis	No Hepatitis	Totals
Tattoo	25 (8.48)	88 (104.52)	113
No Tattoo	22 (38.52)	491 (474.48)	513
Totals	47	579	626

Table 12.8.xlsx

Table 12.9 – 291

Obs	x1	y1	x4	y4
1	10	8.04	8	6.58
2	8	6.95	8	5.76
3	13	7.58	8	7.71
4	9	8.81	8	8.84
5	11	8.33	8	8.47
6	6	7.24	8	5.25
7	14	9.96	8	7.04
8	4	4.26	19	12.5
9	12	10.84	8	5.56
10	7	4.82	8	7.91
11	5	5.68	8	6.89

Table 12.9.xlsx

Table 12.10 – 293

Name	Hurdles (seconds over 2 mins)	Javelin (meters)
Joyner-Kersee	12.85	44.98
Nastase	12.86	41.3
Dimitrova	13.23	44.48
Belova	13.25	41.9
Braun	13.25	51.12
Beer	13.48	48.1
Court	13.48	52.12
Kamrowska	13.48	44.12
Wlodarczyk	13.57	43.46
Greiner	13.59	40.78
Kaljurand	13.64	47.42
Zhu	13.64	45.12
Skjaeveland	13.73	35.42
Lesage	13.75	41.28
Nazaroviene	13.75	44.42
Aro	13.87	45.42
Marxer	13.94	41.08
Rattya	13.96	49.02
Carter	13.97	37.58
Atroshchenko	14.03	45.18
Vaidianu	14.04	49
Teppe	14.06	52.58
Clarius	14.1	45.15
Bond-Mills	14.31	43.3
Barber	14.79	0
Chouaa	16.62	44.4

Table 12.10.xlsx

Table 12.11 – 295

Year	Number of people who drowned by falling into a swimming pool	Number of films Nicolas Cage appeared in
1999	109	2
2000	102	2
2001	102	2
2002	98	3
2003	85	1
2004	95	1
2005	96	2
2006	98	3
2007	123	4
2008	94	1
2009	102	4

Table 12.11.xlsx

Table 12.12 – 296

	Myocardial Infarction in 10 years	No Myocardial Infarction in 10 years
Smoked	563	5336
Never Smoked	87	1732

Table 12.12.xlsx

Table 12.13 – 297

	Current HRT	Never HRT
Hip Fracture	40	1287
No Hip Fracture	239	3023

Table 12.13.xlsx

Table 12.14 – 297

	Hepatitis	No Hepatitis
Tattoo	25	88
No Tattoo	22	491

Table 12.6.xlsx

Chapter 13: Association and Causation: More than Meets the Eye – 301

Table 13.1 – 304

Year	Number of people who drowned by falling into a swimming pool	Number of films Nicolas Cage appeared in
1999	109	2
2000	102	2
2001	102	2
2002	98	3
2003	85	1
2004	95	1
2005	96	2
2006	98	3
2007	123	4
2008	94	1
2009	102	4

Table 13.1.xlsx

Table 13.3 – 309

	Breakfast	No Breakfast	Totals
C or above on Exam	600	220	820
Below C on Exam	225	214	439
Totals	825	434	1259

Table 13.3.xlsx

Table 13.4 – 309

	Breakfast	No Breakfast	Totals
C or above on Exam	600	220	820
Below C on Exam	225	214	439
Totals	825	434	1259

Watched Game of Thrones all night
	Breakfast	No Breakfast	Totals
C or above on Exam	90	160	250
Below C on Exam	180	160	340
Totals	270	320	590

Went to bed by 10 p.m
	Breakfast	No Breakfast	Totals
C or above on Exam	460	110	570
Below C on Exam	95	4	99
Totals	555	114	669

Table 13.4.xlsx

Table 13.5 – 310

	Up all Night	In Bed by 10 p.m.	Totals
C or above on Exam	250	570	820
Below C on Exam	340	99	439
Totals	590	669	1259

Table 13.5.xlsx

Table 13.6 Both Colleges Combined – 314

Gender	Not Admitted	Admitted	Totals
Men	1493	1198	2,691
Women	1278	557	1,835

Table 13.6.xlsx

Table 13.7 College A – 314

Gender	Not Admitted	Admitted	Totals
Men	520	865	1,385
Women	27	106	133

Table 13.7.xlsx

Table 13.8 College B – 315

Gender	Not Admitted	Admitted	Totals
Men	973	333	1,306
Women	1251	451	1,702

Table 13.8.xlsx

Table 13.9 Imposition of the Death Penalty by Race – 316

	White Defendant	Black Defendant
Death Penalty	19	17
No Death Penalty	141	149
Total Cases	160	166

Table 13.9.xlsx

Table 13.10 Imposition of the Death Penalty by Race of Defendant: White Victim – 316

	White Defendant	Black Defendant
Death Penalty	19	11
No Death Penalty	132	52
Total Cases	151	63

Table 13.10.xlsx

Table 13.11 Imposition of the Death Penalty by Race of Defendant: Black Victim – 317

	White Defendant	Black Defendant
Death Penalty	0	6
No Death Penalty	9	97
Total Cases	9	103

Table 13.11.xlsx

Validation Standardized Field Sobriety Test Battery BACS

Validation of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test Battery at BACS below 0.10% Data Set

Case	HGN	OLS	WAT	Total FST	Actual BAC
229	0	0	1	1	0
254	0	0	1	1	0.02
66		1		1	0.067
142	2	0	0	2	0.005
217	2	0	0	2	0.03
191	2			2	0.034
182	2	0	0	2	0.038
109	2			2	0.04
259	2	0	0	2	0.04
199	0	1	1	2	0.048
113	2	0	0	2	0.05
22	2			2	0.06
67	2		1	3	0.022
145	0	3	0	3	0.03
53	2	0	1	3	0.032
15	2	0	1	3	0.04
287	2	0	1	3	0.04
89	2	1	0	3	0.05
123	0	1	2	3	0.05
258	2	1	0	3	0.053
35	2	0	2	4	0
11	2	1	1	4	0.01
247	4			4	0.016
6	2	0	2	4	0.02
294	2	0	2	4	0.02
231	2	0	2	4	0.03
74	2	1	1	4	0.04
214	2	1	1	4	0.04
58	4			4	0.05
14	2	1	1	4	0.058
34	4	0	0	4	0.058
12	2	0	2	4	0.06
211	2	1	1	4	0.06
232	4	0	0	4	0.06
293	2	2	0	4	0.06
130	2	1	1	4	0.07
297	4			4	0.08
271	2	0	2	4	0.1
119		2	2	4	0.121
296	2	1	2	5	0.01
88	2	1	2	5	0.02
176	4	1	0	5	0.02
295	2	1	2	5	0.02
137		2	3	5	0.03
288	2	1	2	5	0.03
13	0	1	4	5	0.043
54	4	1	0	5	0.046
20	2		3	5	0.049
164	2	1	2	5	0.07
99	2	2	1	5	0.12
223			5	5	0.18
91	2	2	2	6	0.017
111	2	3	1	6	0.027
31	2	3	1	6	0.039
29	4	1	1	6	0.05
76	4	1	1	6	0.05
260	6			6	0.07
86	6			6	0.088
8	6			6	0.09
212	6			6	0.11
114	4	1	1	6	0.116
79	6			6	0.12
198	6			6	0.2
59	6			6	0.22
107	6			6	0.23
221	6			6	0.23
24	6			6	0.26
157	6			6	0.33
126	4	1	2	7	0.04
289	2	1	4	7	0.04
75	2	4	1	7	0.048
52	4	2	1	7	0.05
2	2	2	3	7	0.06
263	2	3	2	7	0.07
149	6	1		7	0.13
117		3	4	7	0.14
165	2	3	3	8	0.02
27	4	2	2	8	0.05
219	2	3	3	8	0.07
213	4	2	2	8	0.08
291	2	4	2	8	0.08
131	4	2	2	8	0.082
72	4	2	2	8	0.09
166	6	1	1	8	0.09
292	4	2	2	8	0.09
125	4	0	4	8	0.091
280	6	1	1	8	0.1
134	6	1	1	8	0.102
62	6	1	1	8	0.15
56	6	1	1	8	0.16
189	6	1	1	8	0.173
71	2	3	3	8	0.19
84	2	5	2	9	0
104	3	3	3	9	0.037
183	6	1	2	9	0.04
187	2	6	1	9	0.05
226	6	1	2	9	0.058
121	6	2	1	9	0.06
186	4	4	1	9	0.063
106	6	2	1	9	0.08
140	4	4	1	9	0.08
163	6	3	0	9	0.08
193	2	3	4	9	0.1
10	6	3		9	0.12
77	6	3		9	0.156
93	6		3	9	0.2
47	6		3	9	0.25
209	6	2	1	9	0.32
122	4	2	4	10	0.017
127	6	2	2	10	0.028
178	6	0	4	10	0.07
282	6	4		10	0.08
112	6	1	3	10	0.09
37	6	1	3	10	0.1
116	6	1	3	10	0.1
234	4	2	4	10	0.11
124	6	3	1	10	0.142
115	6	4		10	0.21
227	4	4	3	11	0.06
185	6	3	2	11	0.07
224	4	4	3	11	0.07
135	3	3	5	11	0.078
28	6	2	3	11	0.08
50	4	4	3	11	0.08
298	6	3	2	11	0.085
152	6	2	3	11	0.104
205	6	3	2	11	0.11
96	6	3	2	11	0.12
144	6	3	2	11	0.12
200	6	1	4	11	0.14
257	6	3	2	11	0.14
286	6	4	1	11	0.15
159	6	1	4	11	0.16
133	6	3	2	11	0.176
80	6	3	2	11	0.3
30	4	5	3	12	0.05
16	6	1	5	12	0.069
32	6	4	2	12	0.076
1	4	2	6	12	0.089
235	6	3	3	12	0.09
204	6	3	3	12	0.11
220	6	3	3	12	0.11
238	6	4	2	12	0.11
23	6	4	2	12	0.12
97	6	3	3	12	0.12
101	6	3	3	12	0.12
281	6	4	2	12	0.12
188	6	5	1	12	0.128
70	6	4	2	12	0.131
38	6	3	3	12	0.14
57	6	4	2	12	0.14
85	6	4	2	12	0.14
206	6	4	2	12	0.14
240	6	3	3	12	0.17
250		4	8	12	0.18
170	6	2	4	12	0.19
94	6	6		12	0.22
132	6	4	2	12	0.27
148	6	7	0	13	0.05
129	4	7	2	13	0.07
252	6	4	3	13	0.08
120	6	4	3	13	0.09
241	6	4	3	13	0.09
278	6	4	3	13	0.1
65	6	3	4	13	0.11
154	4	6	3	13	0.11
201	4		9	13	0.11
87	6	7		13	0.12
167	6	4	3	13	0.12
19	6	4	3	13	0.13
98	6	5	2	13	0.132
17	6	4	3	13	0.14
46	6	3	4	13	0.14
228	6	5	2	13	0.14
233	6	4	3	13	0.14
237	6	4	3	13	0.16
102	6	3	4	13	0.17
68	4	6	3	13	0.19
277	6	4	3	13	0.19
284	6	3	4	13	0.19
81	6	3	4	13	0.2
162	6	3	4	13	0.23
175	4	6	4	14	0.07
196	6	2	6	14	0.074
153	6	3	5	14	0.098
105	6	4	4	14	0.1
128	6	4	4	14	0.1
208	4	7	3	14	0.1
262	6	3	5	14	0.1
4	6	4	4	14	0.12
103	6	3	5	14	0.12
242	6	4	4	14	0.12
5	6	5	3	14	0.13
64	6	4	4	14	0.13
261	6	4	4	14	0.14
268	6	5	3	14	0.14
78	6	4	4	14	0.15
181	6	4	4	14	0.15
190	6	3	5	14	0.15
194	6	5	3	14	0.15
82	6	1	7	14	0.16
255	6	3	5	14	0.16
83	6	4	4	14	0.2
108	6	5	3	14	0.2
158	6	5	3	14	0.22
207	6	3	5	14	0.28
55	6	6	3	15	0.1
173	6	6	3	15	0.1
230	6	4	5	15	0.1
249	6	6	3	15	0.1
279	6	4	5	15	0.11
45	6	3	6	15	0.12
184	6	5	4	15	0.12
51	6	3	6	15	0.13
44	6	5	4	15	0.14
143	6	4	5	15	0.15
265	6	4	5	15	0.15
100	6	5	4	15	0.17
285	6	5	4	15	0.17
275	6	4	5	15	0.2
273	6	4	5	15	0.22
171	6	4	5	15	0.23
40	6	3	6	15	0.24
33	6	9	1	16	0.11
156	6	7	3	16	0.11
266	6	7	3	16	0.11
18	6	6	4	16	0.12
169	6	7	3	16	0.12
174	6	7	3	16	0.13
251	6	4	6	16	0.14
264	6	4	6	16	0.14
7	6	7	3	16	0.15
25	6	6	4	16	0.16
218	6	4	6	16	0.19
244	6	5	5	16	0.21
236	6	5	5	16	0.22
141	6	7	4	17	0.1
9	6	6	5	17	0.11
26	6	5	6	17	0.12
222	6	6	5	17	0.12
147	6	5	6	17	0.13
225	6	6	5	17	0.13
269	6	7	4	17	0.17
290	6	4	7	17	0.17
42	6	5	6	17	0.18
146	6	6	5	17	0.18
69	6	5	6	17	0.2
177	6	3	8	17	0.2
136	6	6	5	17	0.219
274	6	4	7	17	0.24
92	6	4	7	17	0.26
161	6	3	8	17	0.29
61	6	6	5	17	0.32
246	6	9	3	18	0.07
39	6	7	5	18	0.1
21	6	7	5	18	0.11
48	6	8	4	18	0.12
180	6	7	5	18	0.13
267	6	5	7	18	0.13
73	6	9	3	18	0.14
172	6	7	5	18	0.14
49	6	4	8	18	0.15
216	6	7	5	18	0.15
270	6	8	4	18	0.15
195	6	7	5	18	0.16
256	6	6	6	18	0.16
239	6	4	8	18	0.17
276	6	4	8	18	0.19
210	6	4	8	18	0.2
110	6	4	8	18	0.21
95	6	4	8	18	0.23
168	6	4	8	18	0.24
272	6	4	8	18	0.27
36	6	5	8	19	0.14
179	6	6	7	19	0.14
243	6	9	4	19	0.15
63	6	5	8	19	0.16
139	6	8	5	19	0.16
203	6	7	6	19	0.17
160	6	7	6	19	0.19
215	6	7	6	19	0.19
202	6	6	7	19	0.22
3	6	4	9	19	0.23
118	6	9	4	19	0.23
90	6	12	2	20	0.12
245	6	6	8	20	0.12
43	4	8	8	20	0.13
155	6	9	5	20	0.165
138	6	7	7	20	0.19
253	6	7	8	21	0.17
41	6	8	7	21	0.22
283	6	7	8	21	0.24
192	6	9	7	22	0.14
151	6	8	8	22	0.18
248	6	9	8	23	0.23
197	6	12	8	26	0.17

Validation of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test Battery at BACS Below 0.10% Data Set.xls

Cancer Survival Data

Survival	Organ
124	Stomach
42	Stomach
25	Stomach
45	Stomach
412	Stomach
51	Stomach
1,112	Stomach
46	Stomach
103	Stomach
876	Stomach
146	Stomach
340	Stomach
396	Stomach
81	Bronchus
461	Bronchus
20	Bronchus
450	Bronchus
246	Bronchus
166	Bronchus
63	Bronchus
64	Bronchus
155	Bronchus
859	Bronchus
151	Bronchus
166	Bronchus
37	Bronchus
223	Bronchus
138	Bronchus
72	Bronchus
245	Bronchus
248	Colon
377	Colon
189	Colon
1,843	Colon
180	Colon
537	Colon
519	Colon
455	Colon
406	Colon
365	Colon
942	Colon
776	Colon
372	Colon
163	Colon
101	Colon
20	Colon
283	Colon
1,234	Ovary
89	Ovary
201	Ovary
356	Ovary
2,970	Ovary
456	Ovary
1,235	Breast
24	Breast
1,581	Breast
1,166	Breast
40	Breast
727	Breast
791	Breast
1,804	Breast
3,460	Breast
719	Breast

Cancer Survival Data Table.xlsx

Child Mortality Rate and CO2 Emissions

Child Mortality Rate and CO₂ Emissions

Country	Child Mortality (0-5 Year Old Dying per 1,000 Born)	CO₂ Emissions (Tonnes per Person)
Afghanistan	114.5	0.0447674078
Albania	21.2	1.342792013
Algeria	25.1	3.213169256
Andorra	4	6.839939571
Angola	191.1	1.308848969
Antigua and Barbuda	12.3	5.006748909
Argentina	16.5	4.38612968
Armenia	22.3	1.427325515
Australia	5.5	18.19043099
Austria	4.6	8.659639646
Azerbaijan	48.1	4.500681609
Bahamas	18.3	7.18475043
Bahrain	11	24.02689968
Bangladesh	63.4	0.3383501821
Barbados	20.2	5.059113166
Belarus	8.7	6.323492475
Belgium	4.8	10.19806569
Belize	20.9	1.417945547
Benin	113.9	0.4923540303
Bhutan	57.7	0.5815093849
Bolivia	55.1	1.616906602
Bosnia and Herzegovina	8.8	7.267229183
Botswana	63.1	2.424634582
Brazil	21.5	1.849542336
Brunei	8.6	13.02037624
Bulgaria	15	6.36437645
Burkina Faso	150.7	0.09303204353
Burundi	129.4	0.02501885445
Cambodia	57.9	0.3013984632
Cameroon	119.8	0.2132781232
Canada	6	16.86231777
Cape Verde	27.5	0.6439917452
Central African Republic	153.7	0.05561625501
Chad	173.6	0.04036061966
Chile	9.1	3.808340726
China	21.8	4.879028386
Colombia	21.1	1.44026659
Comoros	91.8	0.183178187
Congo, Dem. Rep.	170.2	0.04033503578
Congo, Rep.	111.7	0.4021796335
Cook Is	13.1	3.357240958
Costa Rica	10.4	1.753913518
Cote d’Ivoire	128.1	0.3895562687
Croatia	6.5	5.226528118
Cuba	6.5	2.432374468
Cyprus	4.6	7.429369477
Czech Republic	5	11.96774619
Denmark	4.8	10.03060277
Djibouti	96.3	0.592056967
Dominica	13.9	1.601164483
Dominican Republic	32.6	2.234733962
Ecuador	28	2.187681241
Egypt	29.1	2.481030897
El Salvador	21.6	1.126953876
Equatorial Guinea	121.1	7.593759438
Eritrea	66.6	0.1207532679
Estonia	6.5	12.60653841
Ethiopia	101.9	0.07922617529
Fiji	22.3	1.647251481
Finland	3.6	12.55148816
France	4.5	6.227735158
Gabon	77.1	1.414503757
Gambia	91	0.2180199523
Georgia	24.6	1.384029306
Germany	4.6	9.835780459
Ghana	85.7	0.4189189783
Greece	5.2	8.67047558
Grenada	14.7	2.241913099
Guatemala	39.7	0.9741281309
Guinea	128.9	0.1283062635
Guinea-Bissau	152.3	0.1970631147
Guyana	41	1.72475003
Haiti	88.1	0.2235787453
Honduras	29.2	0.9833134529
Hungary	7.9	5.686384664
Iceland	3	7.56453274
India	72.1	1.300067332
Indonesia	39.9	1.500915597
Iran	24.2	7.157892726
Iraq	39.8	4.062506807
Ireland	4.9	10.24411158
Israel	5.3	9.922316474
Italy	4.3	7.957277529
Jamaica	20.1	4.457657445
Japan	3.6	9.735405481
Jordan	23	3.772682789
Kazakhstan	30.6	12.54522526
Kenya	93.7	0.2619983112
Kiribati	65.7	0.3136114496
Kuwait	11.5	31.36899175
Kyrgyz Republic	38.1	1.001824647
Lao	94.2	0.2705322014
Latvia	11.7	3.306760631
Lebanon	12.9	3.666257713
Liberia	108.8	0.229047855
Libya	21.7	9.124147244
Lithuania	9.5	4.206329704
Luxembourg	3.3	24.27979649
Macedonia, FYR	13.1	5.353489722
Madagascar	76.7	0.09133401386
Malawi	111.4	0.07224778808
Malaysia	8.1	6.418045513
Maldives	21	2.90228743
Mali	164.2	0.04181136341
Malta	6.8	6.261494001
Marshall Islands	39.8	1.755730065
Mauritania	99.3	0.5353637754
Mauritius	16	2.981538148
Mexico	18.9	4.096585267
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	46.1	0.5009609342
Moldova	22	1.344294059
Mongolia	39.4	3.653693572
Montenegro	9.8	6.718505312
Morocco	39.1	1.530221857
Mozambique	125.7	0.09299725066
Myanmar	64.4	0.2795320021
Namibia	61.5	1.42952464
Nauru	39	14.11230633
Nepal	57	0.09563957891
Netherlands	5.2	10.20794675
New Zealand	6.5	8.099271756
Nicaragua	30.3	0.7862586883
Niger	163.4	0.06074727218
Nigeria	152.5	0.6510210507
Niue	27.8	2.231689998
North Korea	32.3	3.560199223
Norway	3.9	9.478448647
Oman	13	16.16612196
Pakistan	98.4	0.9029698794
Palau	24.7	10.07779055
Panama	22.2	1.998836676
Papua New Guinea	73.4	0.7356917744
Paraguay	26.9	0.6633273403
Peru	26.3	1.268302202
Philippines	35.4	0.7117307682
Poland	7.3	8.367266757
Portugal	4.4	5.587546549
Qatar	9.8	57.98689476
Romania	19.4	4.698971559
Russia	15.6	11.63299408
Rwanda	94.8	0.07301172445
Samoa	18.9	0.8722141703
Sao Tome and Principe	66.5	0.8281172698
Saudi Arabia	14.1	17.44796401
Senegal	91.3	0.4287251586
Serbia	8.4	5.465046998
Seychelles	13.9	8.830519668
Sierra Leone	211.7	0.3049037635
Singapore	2.9	10.63593619
Slovak Republic	9.5	7.178985152
Slovenia	4.1	8.08825007
Solomon Islands	35.3	0.3719806764
Somalia	169.9	0.06734915107
South Africa	76.5	8.789515822
South Korea	5.3	9.95950733
Spain	5.5	7.951434227
Sri Lanka	12.6	0.5852171122
St. Kitts and Nevis	11.8	4.711141449
St. Lucia	18.7	2.195582488
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	23.2	1.851545812
Sudan	87.7	0.3882809165
Suriname	25.4	4.851000733
Swaziland	122.3	0.9087893986
Sweden	3.4	5.452381206
Switzerland	5	5.606771687
Syria	18	2.832061721
Taiwan	6.7	11.80150996
Tajikistan	71.6	0.4141739342
Tanzania	83.5	0.1492433546
Thailand	16.8	4.220817479
Timor-Leste	75.4	0.1729939443
Togo	109.9	0.2207993334
Tonga	15.4	1.696461385
Trinidad and Tobago	24.5	24.3478454
Tunisia	21.5	2.308450239
Turkey	21.8	3.787048964
Turkmenistan	64.4	9.619770615
Uganda	101.3	0.09038624379
Ukraine	14	7.034864957
United Arab Emirates	9.6	26.07472134
United Kingdom	5.9	8.952961552
United States	7.9	19.1514501
Uruguay	14.6	1.997825563
Uzbekistan	48.9	4.442455833
Vanuatu	21.4	0.2199052716
Venezuela	17.8	6.262415884
Vietnam	25.2	0.9843563771
West Bank and Gaza	26.2	0.6229229602
Yemen	74.6	0.9766033276
Zambia	120.4	0.1944096102
Zimbabwe	95.8	0.8255348348

Child Mortality Rate and CO2 Emissions.xls

Standard Score Table

z	0	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09
0	0.5	0.49601	0.49202	0.48803	0.48405	0.48006	0.47608	0.4721	0.46812	0.46414
0.1	0.46017	0.4562	0.45224	0.44828	0.44433	0.44038	0.43644	0.43251	0.42858	0.42465
0.2	0.42074	0.41683	0.41294	0.40905	0.40517	0.40129	0.39743	0.39358	0.38974	0.38591
0.3	0.38209	0.37828	0.37448	0.3707	0.36693	0.36317	0.35942	0.35569	0.35197	0.34827
0.4	0.34458	0.3409	0.33724	0.3336	0.32997	0.32636	0.32276	0.31918	0.31561	0.31207
0.5	0.30854	0.30503	0.30153	0.29806	0.2946	0.29116	0.28774	0.28434	0.28096	0.2776
0.6	0.27425	0.27093	0.26763	0.26435	0.26109	0.25785	0.25463	0.25143	0.24825	0.2451
0.7	0.24196	0.23885	0.23576	0.2327	0.22965	0.22663	0.22363	0.22065	0.2177	0.21476
0.8	0.21186	0.20897	0.20611	0.20327	0.20045	0.19766	0.19489	0.19215	0.18943	0.18673
0.9	0.18406	0.18141	0.17879	0.17619	0.17361	0.17106	0.16853	0.16602	0.16354	0.16109
1	0.15866	0.15625	0.15386	0.15151	0.14917	0.14686	0.14457	0.14231	0.14007	0.13786
1.1	0.13567	0.1335	0.13136	0.12924	0.12714	0.12507	0.12302	0.121	0.119	0.11702
1.2	0.11507	0.11314	0.11123	0.10935	0.10749	0.10565	0.10383	0.10204	0.10027	0.09853
1.3	0.0968	0.0951	0.09342	0.09176	0.09012	0.08851	0.08692	0.08534	0.08379	0.08226
1.4	0.08076	0.07927	0.0778	0.07636	0.07493	0.07353	0.07215	0.07078	0.06944	0.06811
1.5	0.06681	0.06552	0.06426	0.06301	0.06178	0.06057	0.05938	0.05821	0.05705	0.05592
1.6	0.0548	0.0537	0.05262	0.05155	0.0505	0.04947	0.04846	0.04746	0.04648	0.04551
1.7	0.04457	0.04363	0.04272	0.04182	0.04093	0.04006	0.0392	0.03836	0.03754	0.03673
1.8	0.03593	0.03515	0.03438	0.03362	0.03288	0.03216	0.03144	0.03074	0.03005	0.02938
1.9	0.02872	0.02807	0.02743	0.0268	0.02619	0.02559	0.025	0.02442	0.02385	0.0233
2	0.02275	0.02222	0.02169	0.02118	0.02068	0.02018	0.0197	0.01923	0.01876	0.01831
2.1	0.01786	0.01743	0.017	0.01659	0.01618	0.01578	0.01539	0.015	0.01463	0.01426
2.2	0.0139	0.01355	0.01321	0.01287	0.01255	0.01222	0.01191	0.0116	0.0113	0.01101
2.3	0.01072	0.01044	0.01017	0.0099	0.00964	0.00939	0.00914	0.00889	0.00866	0.00842
2.4	0.0082	0.00798	0.00776	0.00755	0.00734	0.00714	0.00695	0.00676	0.00657	0.00639
2.5	0.00621	0.00604	0.00587	0.0057	0.00554	0.00539	0.00523	0.00508	0.00494	0.0048
2.6	0.00466	0.00453	0.0044	0.00427	0.00415	0.00402	0.00391	0.00379	0.00368	0.00357
2.7	0.00347	0.00336	0.00326	0.00317	0.00307	0.00298	0.00289	0.0028	0.00272	0.00264
2.8	0.00256	0.00248	0.0024	0.00233	0.00226	0.00219	0.00212	0.00205	0.00199	0.00193
2.9	0.00187	0.00181	0.00175	0.00169	0.00164	0.00159	0.00154	0.00149	0.00144	0.00139
3	0.00135	0.00131	0.00126	0.00122	0.00118	0.00114	0.00111	0.00107	0.00104	0.001
3.1	0.00097	0.00094	0.0009	0.00087	0.00084	0.00082	0.00079	0.00076	0.00074	0.00071
3.2	0.00069	0.00066	0.00064	0.00062	0.0006	0.00058	0.00056	0.00054	0.00052	0.0005
3.3	0.00048	0.00047	0.00045	0.00043	0.00042	0.0004	0.00039	0.00038;	0.00036	0.00035
3.4	0.00034	0.00032	0.00031	0.0003	0.00029	0.00028	0.00027	0.00026	0.00025	0.00024
3.5	0.00023	0.00022	0.00022	0.00021	0.0002	0.00019	0.00019	0.00018	0.00017	0.00017
3.6	0.00016	0.00015	0.00015	0.00014	0.00014	0.00013	0.00013	0.00012	0.00012	0.00011

Standard Score Table.xlsx

Teacher Resources

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Book Questions on Canvas Commons

The author has created Canvas quizzes by chapter, for every chapter in the book. All these quizzes have been exported to Commons. If you are a Canvas user, you can access them by going to Commons and using the search tool to search for “William Rayens” (without the quotations). This is what you will see:

You can then select the quiz you want and import it into your course shell. Once in your shell you can add new questions, edit the existing questions, or delete questions you don’t want to use for that quiz. This does not affect the original quizzes still resident in Commons, but only in the local user’s Canvas shell. This is a quick and easy way to create quizzes and tests using questions from the book.

Errata

Ninth Edition Errata

Eighth Edition Errata

Chapter 2

Exercise 1b. In all of i.-iv. 40230 should be 40320. Corrected on full chapter problems on Commons.
Exercise 6. Numbers f,g,h should be b,c,d. Corrected on full chapter problems on Commons.
Page 22. Summary stats are not correct for Habitat for Humanity salaries. Mean is 52175.2, standard deviation is 13745.021, and coefficient of variation is 0.26.
Page 39. Problem starting at top with “We have organized …” was supposed to be separate problem. Right now it has no number and sits between problems 10 and 11. In the full chapter problems on Commons this problem is there and distinguished.

Chapter 3

Exercise 8a. iv. Should say “bowel obstruction” instead of “bowel cancer”
Exercise 8c. iii. Change “It was” to “A derivatives was” (less confusing for students)
Exercise 11f. Sentence after z formula should have -2.23 < z < 2.23 (no absolute values on the z)

Chapter 5

BN 4f. Part f is the exact same wording as Part c (except for the compare d and e part). The second question should be about public non-selective (d) and private for-profit selective (e).

Chapter 6

BN 5a. Question says to refer to the diagram above, instead of to the right.
Problem 6. Parts b and c should just be one part, b. Corrected on full chapter problems on Commons.
BN 5a. Question says to refer to the diagram above, instead of to the right.

Chapter 7

Problem 3a. 1.430 incorrect. Should be 1.563
Problem 6a. Option i. should be 32% not 34%

Chapter 8

BN 2.a Answer options i and iii are the same
BN 2.f Says “> 2 rule” but should be “> 3 rule” because they use Table 8.12 to answer the questions
Table 8.7 on page 164 Should be title “> = 4” instead of “> = 2”
BN 5b. Option i says “The possibility hat the Zicam”. “the” needs to be removed.

Chapter 9

BN 5b. Option i says “The possibility that the Zicam”. “the” needs to be removed.
Problem 10a. Correct answer is iv not iii as the answer key says
BN 8 The link is the one from the previous exercise. Should be https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/eating-vegetables-doesnt-stop-…

Chapter 10

BN 3b. Correct answer is b.
Problem 12b. Typo so correct answer not present. The 0.1261 SHOULD be 0.1102. I read the wrong number off the applet display.

Chapter 12

BN 1 There is an “a” and a “b” on the read the excerpt part. Then another “a” for the first question and no “b” for the second question. The answer options for part a are ii, iii, iv, v.
Exercise 7, bottom of page: Should be b. What is Cramer’s V for these data? and numbered answers should be i-iv.
Exercise 8 should be titled “Hip Fractures”

Appendix

FST Table FST table on page 324 is the same as the first table. Most of the subjects with Total FST between 4 and 7 are missing. Table seems to be correct on the book website. https://www.statconcepts.com/student-resources/textbook-datasets-%E2%80%…

Statistics 296

STA 296 Data Sets

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Validation of the Standardized field Sobriety Test Battery at BACS below 0.10% Data Set

Case	HGN	OLS	WAT	Total FST	Actual BAC
229	0	0	1	1	0
254	0	0	1	1	0.02
66		1		1	0.067
142	2	0	0	2	0.005
217	2	0	0	2	0.03
191	2			2	0.034
182	2	0	0	2	0.038
109	2			2	0.04
259	2	0	0	2	0.04
199	0	1	1	2	0.048
113	2	0	0	2	0.05
22	2			2	0.06
67	2		1	3	0.022
145	0	3	0	3	0.03
53	2	0	1	3	0.032
15	2	0	1	3	0.04
287	2	0	1	3	0.04
89	2	1	0	3	0.05
123	0	1	2	3	0.05
258	2	1	0	3	0.053
35	2	0	2	4	0
11	2	1	1	4	0.01
247	4			4	0.016
6	2	0	2	4	0.02
294	2	0	2	4	0.02
231	2	0	2	4	0.03
74	2	1	1	4	0.04
214	2	1	1	4	0.04
58	4			4	0.05
14	2	1	1	4	0.058
34	4	0	0	4	0.058
12	2	0	2	4	0.06
211	2	1	1	4	0.06
232	4	0	0	4	0.06
293	2	2	0	4	0.06
130	2	1	1	4	0.07
297	4			4	0.08
271	2	0	2	4	0.1
119		2	2	4	0.121
296	2	1	2	5	0.01
88	2	1	2	5	0.02
176	4	1	0	5	0.02
295	2	1	2	5	0.02
137		2	3	5	0.03
288	2	1	2	5	0.03
13	0	1	4	5	0.043
54	4	1	0	5	0.046
20	2		3	5	0.049
164	2	1	2	5	0.049
99	2	2	1	5	0.12
223			5	5	0.18
91	2	2	2	6	0.017
111	2	3	1	6	0.027
31	2	3	1	6	0.039
29	4	1	1	6	0.05
76	4	1	1	6	0.05
260	6			6	0.07
86	6			6	0.088
8	6			6	0.09
212	6			6	0.11
114	4	1	1	6	0.116
79	6			6	0.12
198	6			6	0.2
59	6			6	0.22
107	6			6	0.23
221	6			6	0.23
24	6			6	0.26
157	6			6	0.33
126	4	1	2	7	0.04
289	2	1	4	7	0.04
75	2	4	1	7	0.048
52	4	2	1	7	0.05
2	2	2	3	7	0.06
263	2	3	2	7	0.07
149	6	1		7	0.13
117		3	4	7	0.14
165	2	3	3	8	0.02
27	4	2	2	8	0.05
219	2	3	3	8	0.07
213	4	2	2	8	0.08
291	2	4	2	8	0.08
131	4	2	2	8	0.082
72	4	2	2	8	0.09
166	6	1	1	8	0.09
292	4	2	2	8	0.09
125	4	0	4	8	0.091
280	6	1	1	8	0.1
134	6	1	1	8	0.102
62	6	1	1	8	0.15
56	6	1	1	8	0.16
189	6	1	1	8	0.173
71	2	3	3	8	0.19
84	2	5	2	9	0
104	3	3	3	9	0.037
183	6	1	2	9	0.04
187	2	6	1	9	0.05
226	6	1	2	9	0.058
121	6	2	1	9	0.06
186	4	4	1	9	0.063
106	6	2	1	9	0.08
140	4	4	1	9	0.08
163	6	3	0	9	0.08
193	2	3	4	9	0.1
10	6	3		9	0.12
77	6	3		9	0.156
93	6		3	9	0.2
47	6		3	9	0.25
209	6	2	1	9	0.32
122	4	2	4	10	0.017
127	6	2	2	10	0.028
178	6	0	4	10	0.07
282	6	4		10	0.08
112	6	1	3	10	0.09
37	6	1	3	10	0.1
116	6	1	3	10	0.1
234	4	2	4	10	0.11
124	6	3	1	10	0.142
115	6	4		10	0.21
227	4	4	3	11	0.016
185	6	3	2	11	0.07
224	4	4	3	11	0.07
135	3	3	5	11	0.078
28	6	2	3	11	0.08
50	4	4	3	11	0.08
298	6	3	2	11	0.085
152	6	2	3	11	0.104
205	6	3	2	11	0.11
96	6	3	2	11	0.12
144	6	3	2	11	0.12
200	6	1	4	11	0.14
257	6	3	2	11	0.14
286	6	4	1	11	0.15
159	6	1	4	11	0.16
133	6	3	2	11	0.176
80	6	3	2	11	0.3
30	4	5	3	12	0.05
16	6	1	5	12	0.069
32	6	4	2	12	0.076
1	4	2	6	12	0.089
235	6	3	3	12	0.09
204	6	3	3	12	0.11
220	6	3	3	12	0.11
238	6	4	2	12	0.11
23	6	4	2	12	0.12
97	6	3	3	12	0.12
101	6	3	3	12	0.12
281	6	4	2	12	0.12
188	6	5	1	12	0.128
70	6	4	2	12	0.131
38	6	3	3	12	0.14
57	6	4	2	12	0.14
85	6	4	2	12	0.14
206	6	4	2	12	0.14
240	6	3	3	12	0.17
250		4	8	12	0.18
170	6	2	4	12	0.19
94	6	6		12	0.22
132	6	4	2	12	0.27
148	6	7	0	13	0.05
129	4	7	2	13	0.07
252	6	4	3	13	0.08
120	6	4	3	13	0.09
241	6	4	3	13	0.09
278	6	4	3	13	0.09
65	6	3	4	13	0.11
154	4	6	3	13	0.11
201	4		9	13	0.11
87	6	7		13	0.12
167	6	4	3	13	0.12
19	6	4	3	13	0.13
98	6	5	2	13	0.132
17	6	4	3	13	0.14
46	6	3	4	13	0.14
228	6	5	2	13	0.14
233	6	4	3	13	0.16
237	6	4	3	13	0.16
102	6	3	4	13	0.17
68	4	6	3	13	0.19
277	6	4	3	13	0.19
284	6	3	4	13	0.19
81	6	3	4	13	0.2
162	6	3	4	13	0.23
175	4	6	4	14	0.07
196	6	2	6	14	0.074
153	6	3	5	14	0.098
105	6	4	4	14	0.1
128	6	4	4	14	0.1
208	4	7	3	14	0.1
262	6	3	5	14	0.1
4	6	4	4	14	0.12
103	6	3	5	14	0.12
242	6	4	4	14	0.12
5	6	5	2	14	0.13
64	6	4	4	14	0.13
261	6	4	4	14	0.14
268	6	5	3	14	0.14
78	6	4	4	14	0.15
181	6	4	4	14	0.15
190	6	3	5	14	0.15
194	6	5	3	14	0.15
82	6	1	7	14	0.16
255	6	3	5	14	0.16
83	6	4	4	14	0.2
108	6	5	3	14	0.2
158	6	5	3	14	0.22
207	6	3	5	14	0.28
55	6	6	3	15	0.1
173	6	6	3	15	0.1
230	6	4	5	15	0.1
249	6	6	3	15	0.1
279	6	4	5	15	0.11
45	6	3	6	15	0.12
184	6	5	4	15	0.12
51	6	3	6	15	0.13
44	6	5	4	15	0.14
143	6	4	5	15	0.15
265	6	4	5	15	0.15
100	6	5	4	15	0.17
285	6	5	4	15	0.17
275	6	4	5	15	0.2
273	6	4	5	15	0.22
171	6	4	5	15	0.23
40	6	3	6	15	0.24
33	6	9	1	16	0.11
156	6	7	3	16	0.11
266	6	7	3	16	0.11
18	6	6	4	16	0.12
169	6	7	3	16	0.12
174	6	7	3	16	0.13
251	6	4	6	16	0.14
264	6	4	6	16	0.14
7	6	7	3	16	0.15
25	6	6	4	16	0.16
218	6	4	6	16	0.19
244	6	5	5	16	0.21
236	6	5	5	16	0.22
141	6	7	4	17	0.1
9	6	6	5	17	0.11
26	6	5	6	17	0.12
222	6	6	5	17	0.12
147	6	5	6	17	0.13
225	6	6	5	17	0.13
269	6	7	4	17	0.17
290	6	4	7	17	0.17
42	6	5	6	17	0.18
146	6	6	5	17	0.18
69	6	5	6	17	0.2
177	6	3	8	17	0.2
136	6	6	5	17	0.219
274	6	4	7	17	0.24
92	6	4	7	17	0.26
161	6	3	8	17	0.29
61	6	6	5	17	0.32
246	6	9	3	18	0.07
39	6	7	5	18	0.1
21	6	7	5	18	0.11
48	6	8	4	18	0.12
180	6	7	5	18	0.13
267	6	5	7	18	0.13
73	6	9	3	18	0.14
172	6	7	5	18	0.14
49	6	4	8	18	0.15
216	6	7	5	18	0.15
270	6	8	4	18	0.15
195	6	7	5	18	0.16
256	6	6	6	18	0.16
239	6	4	8	18	0.17
276	6	4	8	18	0.19
210	6	4	8	18	0.2
110	6	4	8	18	0.21
95	6	4	8	18	0.23
168	6	4	8	18	0.24
272	6	4	8	18	0.27
36	6	5	8	19	0.14
179	6	6	7	19	0.14
243	6	9	4	19	0.15
63	6	5	8	19	0.16
139	6	8	5	19	0.16
203	6	7	6	19	0.17
160	6	7	6	19	0.19
215	6	7	6	19	0.19
202	6	6	7	19	0.22
3	6	4	9	19	0.23
118	6	9	4	19	0.23
90	6	12	2	20	0.12
245	6	6	8	20	0.12
43	4	8	8	20	0.13
155	6	9	5	20	0.165
138	6	7	7	20	0.19
253	6	7	8	21	0.17
41	6	8	7	21	0.22
283	6	7	8	21	0.24
192	6	9	7	22	0.14
151	6	8	8	22	0.18
248	6	9	8	23	0.23
197	6	12	8	15	0.17

Validation of Standardized Field Sobriety Test Battery.xlsx

Cancer Survival Data Table

Survival	Organ
124	Stomach
42	Stomach
25	Stomach
45	Stomach
412	Stomach
51	Stomach
1,112	Stomach
46	Stomach
103	Stomach
876	Stomach
146	Stomach
340	Stomach
396	Stomach
81	Bronchus
461	Bronchus
20	Bronchus
450	Bronchus
246	Bronchus
166	Bronchus
63	Bronchus
64	Bronchus
155	Bronchus
859	Bronchus
151	Bronchus
166	Bronchus
37	Bronchus
223	Bronchus
138	Bronchus
72	Bronchus
245	Bronchus
248	Colon
377	Colon
189	Colon
1,843	Colon
180	Colon
537	Colon
519	Colon
455	Colon
406	Colon
365	Colon
942	Colon
776	Colon
372	Colon
163	Colon
101	Colon
20	Colon
283	Colon
1,234	Ovary
89	Ovary
201	Ovary
356	Ovary
2,970	Ovary
456	Ovary
1,235	Breast
24	Breast
1,581	Breast
1,166	Breast
40	Breast
72	Breast
791	Breast
1,804	Breast
3,460	Breast
719	Breast

Cancer Survival Data Table.xlsx

Child Mortality Rate and CO2 Emissions

Country	Child Mortality (0–5 Year Old Dying per 1,000 Born)	CO₂ Emissions Tonnes per Person)
Afghanistan	114.5	0.0447674078
Albania	21.2	1.342792013
Algeria	25.1	3.213169256
Andorra	4	6.839939571
Angola	191.1	1.308848969
Antigua and Barbuda	12.3	5.006748909
Argentina	16.5	4.38612968
Armenia	22.3	1.427325515
Australia	5.5	18.19043099
Austria	4.6	8.659639646
Azerbaijan	48.1	4.500681609
Bahamas	18.3	7.18475043
Bahrain	11	24.02689968
Bangladesh	63.4	0.3383501821
Barbados	20.2	5.059113166
Belarus	8.7	6.323492475
Belgium	4.8	10.19806569
Belize	20.9	1.417945547
Benin	113.9	0.4923540303
Bhutan	57.7	0.5815093849
Bolivia	55.1	1.616906602
Bosnia and Herzegovina	8.8	7.267229183
Botswana	63.1	2.424634582
Brazil	21.5	1.849542336
Brunei	8.6	13.02037624
Bulgaria	15	6.36437645
Burkina Faso	150.7	0.09303204353
Burundi	129.4	0.02501885445
Cambodia	57.8	0.3013984632
Cameroon	119.8	0.2132781232
Canada	6	16.86231777
Cape Verde	27.5	0.6439917452
Central African Republic	153.7	0.05561625501
Chad	173.6	0.04036061966
Chile	9.1	3.808340726
China	21.8	4.879028386
Colombia	21.1	1.44026659
Comoros	91.8	0.183178187
Congo, Dem. Rep.	170.2	0.04033503578
Congo, Rep.	111.7	0.4021796335
Cook Is	13.1	3.357240958
Costa Rica	10.4	1.753913518
Cote d’Ivoire	128.1	0.3895562687
Croatia	6.5	5.226528118
Cuba	6.5	2.432374468
Cyprus	4.6	7.429369477
Czech Republic	4	11.96774619
Denmark	4.8	10.03060277
Djibouti	96.3	0.592056967
Dominica	13.9	1.601164483
Dominican Republic	32.6	2.234733962
Ecuador	28	2.187681241
Egypt	29.1	2.481030897
El Salvador	21.6	1.126953876
Equatorial Guinea	121.1	7.593759438
Eritrea	66.6	0.1207532679
Estonia	6.5	12.60653841
Ethiopia	101.9	0.07922617529
Fiji	22.3	1.647251481
Finland	3.6	12.55148816
France	4.5	6.227735158
Gabon	77.1	1.414503757
Gambia	91	0.2180199523
Georgia	24.6	1.384029306
Germany	4.6	9.835780459
Ghana	85.7	0.4189189783
Greece	5.2	8.67047558
Grenada	14.7	2.241913099
Guatemala	39.7	0.9741281309
Guinea	128.9	0.1283062635
Guinea-Bissau	152.3	0.1970631147
Guyana	41	1.72475003
Haiti	88.1	0.2235787453
Honduras	29.2	0.9833134529
Hungary	7.9	5.686384664
Iceland	3	7.56453274
India	72.1	1.300067332
Indonesia	39.9	1.500915597
Iran	24.2	7.157892726
Iraq	39.8	4.062506807
Ireland	4.9	10.24411158
Israel	5.3	9.922316474
Italy	4.3	7.957277529
Jamaica	20.1	4.457657445
Japan	3.6	9.735405481
Jordan	23	3.772682789
Kazakhstan	30.6	12.54522526
Kenya	93.7	0.2619983112
Kiribati	65.7	0.3136114496
Kuwait	11.5	31.36899175
Kyrgyz Republic	38.1	1.001824647
Lao	94.2	0.2705322014
Latvia	11.7	3.306760631
Lebanon	12.9	3.666257713
Liberia	108.8	0.229047855
Libya	21.7	9.124147244
Lithuania	9.5	4.206329704
Luxembourg	3.3	24.27979649
Macedonia, FYR	13.1	5.353489722
Madagascar	76.7	0.09133401386
Malawi	111.4	0.07224778808
Malaysia	8.1	6.418045513
Maldives	21	2.90228743
Mali	164.2	0.04181136341
Malta	6.8	6.261494001
Marshall Islands	39.8	1.755730065
Mauritania	99.3	0.5353637754
Mauritius	16	2.981538148
Mexico	18.9	4.096585267
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	46.1	0.5009609342
Moldova	22	1.344294059
Mongolia	39.4	3.653693572
Montenegro	9.8	6.718505312
Morocco	39.1	1.530221857
Mozambique	125.7	0.09299725066
Myanmar	64.4	0.2795320021
Namibia	61.5	1.42952464
Nauru	39	14.11230633
Nepal	57	0.09563957891
Netherlands	5.2	10.20794675
New Zealand	6.5	8.099271756
Nicaragua	30.3	0.7862586883
Niger	163.4	0.06074727218
Nigeria	152.5	0.6510210507
Niue	27.8	2.231689998
North Korea	32.3	3.560199223
Norway	3.9	9.478448647
Oman	13	16.16612196
Pakistan	98.4	0.9029698794
Palau	24.7	10.07779055
Panama	22.2	1.998836676
Papua New Guinea	73.4	0.7356917744
Paraguay	26.9	0.6633273403
Peru	26.3	1.268302202
Philippines	35.4	0.7117307682
Poland	7.3	8.367266757
Portugal	4.4	5.587546549
Qatar	9.8	57.98689476
Romania	19.4	4.698971559
Russia	15.6	11.63299408
Rwanda	94.8	0.07301172445
Samoa	18.9	0.8722141703
Sao Tome and Principe	66.5	0.8281172698
Saudi Arabia	14.1	17.44796401
Senegal	91.3	0.4287251586
Serbia	8.4	5.465046998
Seychelles	13.9	8.830519668
Sierra Leone	211.7	0.3049037635
Singapore	2.9	10.63593619
Slovak Republic	9.5	7.178985152
Slovenia	4.1	8.08825007
Solomon Islands	35.3	0.3719806764
Somalia	169.9	0.06734915107
South Africa	76.5	8.789515822
South Korea	5.3	9.95950733
Spain	5.5	7.951434227
Sri Lanka	12.6	0.5852171122
St. Kitts and Nevis	11.8	4.711141449
St. Lucia	18.7	2.195582488
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	23.2	1.851545812
Sudan	87.7	0.3882809165
Suriname	25.4	4.851000733
Swaziland	122.3	0.9087893986
Sweden	3.4	5.452381206
Switzerland	5	5.606771687
Syria	18	2.832061721
Taiwan	6.7	11.80150996
Tajikistan	71.6	0.4141739342
Tanzania	83.5	0.1492433546
Thailand	16.8	4.220817479
Timor-Leste	75.4	0.1729939443
Togo	109.9	0.2207993334
Tonga	15.4	1.696461385
Trinidad and Tobago	24.5	24.3478454
Tunisia	21.5	2.308450239
Turkey	21.8	3.787048964
Turkmenistan	64.4	9.619770615
Uganda	101.3	0.09038624379
Ukraine	14	7.034864957
United Arab Emirates	9.6	26.07472134
United Kingdom	5.9	8.952961552
United States	7.9	19.1514501
Uruguay	14.6	1.997825563
Uzbekistan	48.9	4.442455833
Vanuatu	21.4	0.2199052716
Venezuela	17.8	6.262415884
Vietnam	25.2	0.9843563771
West Bank and Gaza	26.2	0.6229229602
Yemen	74.6	0.9766033276
Zambia	120.4	0.1944096102
Zimbabwe	95.8	0.8255348348

Child Mortality Rate and CO2 Emissions.xlsx

Standard Score Table

z	0	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09
0	0.5	0.49601	0.49202	0.48803	0.48405	0.48006	0.47608	0.4721	0.46812	0.46414
0.1	0.46017	0.4562	0.45224	0.44828	0.44433	0.44038	0.43644	0.43251	0.42858	0.42465
0.2	0.42074	0.41683	0.41294	0.40905	0.40517	0.40129	0.39743	0.39358	0.38974	0.38591
0.3	0.38209	0.37828	0.37448	0.3707	0.36693	0.36317	0.35942	0.35569	0.35197	0.34827
0.4	0.34458	0.3409	0.33724	0.3336	0.32997	0.32636	0.32276	0.31918	0.31561	0.31207
0.5	0.30854	0.30503	0.30153	0.29806	0.2946	0.29116	0.28774	0.28434	0.28096	0.2776
0.6	0.27425	0.27093	0.26763	0.26435	0.26109	0.25785	0.25463	0.25143	0.24825	0.2451
0.7	0.24196	0.23885	0.23576	0.2327	0.22965	0.22663	0.22363	0.22065	0.2177	0.21476
0.8	0.21186	0.20897	0.20611	0.20327	0.20045	0.19766	0.19489	0.19215	0.18943	0.18673
0.9	0.18406	0.18141	0.17879	0.17619	0.17361	0.17106	0.16853	0.16602	0.16354	0.16109
1	0.15866	0.15625	0.15386	0.15151	0.14917	0.14686	0.14457	0.14231	0.14007	0.13786
1.1	0.13567	0.1335	0.13136	0.12924	0.12714	0.12507	0.12302	0.121	0.119	0.11702
1.2	0.11507	0.11314	0.11123	0.10935	0.10749	0.10565	0.10383	0.10204	0.10027	0.09853
1.3	0.0968	0.0951	0.09342	0.09176	0.09012	0.08851	0.08692	0.08534	0.08379	0.08226
1.4	0.08076	0.07927	0.0778	0.07636	0.07493	0.07353	0.07215	0.07078	0.06944	0.06811
1.5	0.06681	0.06552	0.06426	0.06301	0.06178	0.06057	0.05938	0.05821	0.05705	0.05592
1.6	0.0548	0.0537	0.05262	0.05155	0.0505	0.04947	0.04846	0.04746	0.04648	0.04551
1.7	0.04457	0.04363	0.04272	0.04182	0.04093	0.04006	0.0392	0.03836	0.03754	0.03673
1.8	0.03593	0.03515	0.03438	0.03362	0.03288	0.03216	0.03144	0.03074	0.03005	0.02938
1.9	0.02872	0.02807	0.02743	0.0268	0.02619	0.02559	0.025	0.02442	0.02385	0.0233
2	0.02275	0.02222	0.02169	0.02118	0.02068	0.02018	0.0197	0.01923	0.01876	0.01831
2.1	0.01786	0.01743	0.017	0.01659	0.01618	0.01578	0.01539	0.015	0.01463	0.01426
2.2	0.0139	0.01355	0.01321	0.01287	0.01255	0.01222	0.01191	0.0116	0.0113	0.01101
2.3	0.01072	0.01044	0.01017	0.0099	0.00964	0.00939	0.00914	0.00889	0.00866	0.00842
2.4	0.0082	0.00798	0.00776	0.00755	0.00734	0.00714	0.00695	0.00676	0.00657	0.00639
2.5	0.00621	0.00604	0.00587	0.0057	0.00554	0.00539	0.00523	0.00508	0.00494	0.0048
2.6	0.00466	0.00453	0.0044	0.00427	0.00415	0.00402	0.00391	0.00379	0.00368	0.00357
2.7	0.00347	0.00336	0.00326	0.00317	0.00307	0.00298	0.00289	0.0028	0.00272	0.00264
2.8	0.00256	0.00248	0.0024	0.00233	0.00226	0.00219	0.00212	0.00205	0.00199	0.00193
2.9	0.00187	0.00181	0.00175	0.00169	0.00164	0.00159	0.00154	0.00149	0.00144	0.00139
3	0.00135	0.00131	0.00126	0.00122	0.00118	0.00114	0.00111	0.00107	0.00104	0.001
3.1	0.00097	0.00094	0.0009	0.00087	0.00084	0.00082	0.00079	0.00076	0.00074	0.00071
3.2	0.00069	0.00066	0.00064	0.00062	0.0006	0.00058	0.00056	0.00054	0.00052	0.0005
3.3	0.00048	0.00047	0.00045	0.00043	0.00042	0.0004	0.00039	0.00038;	0.00036	0.00035
3.4	0.00034	0.00032	0.00031	0.0003	0.00029	0.00028	0.00027	0.00026	0.00025	0.00024
3.5	0.00023	0.00022	0.00022	0.00021	0.0002	0.00019	0.00019	0.00018	0.00017	0.00017
3.6	0.00016	0.00015	0.00015	0.00014	0.00014	0.00013	0.00013	0.00012	0.00012	0.00011

Standard Score Table.xlsx

t-Table

Tail Probability p
*d.f.*	0.25	0.2	0.15	0.1	0.05	0.025	0.02	0.01	0.005	0.0025	0.001	0.005
1	1	1.376	1.963	3.078	6.314	12.71	15.89	31.82	63.66	127.3	318.3	636.6
2	0.816	1.061	1.386	1.886	2.92	4.303	4.849	6.965	9.925	14.09	22.33	31.6
3	0.765	0.978	1.25	1.638	2.353	3.182	3.482	4.541	5.841	7.453	10.21	12.92
4	0.741	0.941	1.19	1.533	2.132	2.776	2.999	3.747	4.604	5.598	7.173	8.61
5	0.727	0.92	1.156	1.476	2.015	2.571	2.757	3.365	4.032	4.773	5.893	6.869
6	0.718	0.906	1.134	1.44	1.943	2.447	2.612	3.143	3.707	4.317	5.208	5.959
7	0.711	0.896	1.119	1.415	1.895	2.365	2.517	2.998	3.499	4.029	4.785	5.408
8	0.706	0.889	1.108	1.397	1.86	2.306	2.449	2.896	3.355	3.833	4.501	5.041
9	0.703	0.883	1.1	1.383	1.833	2.262	2.398	2.821	3.25	3.69	4.297	4.781
10	0.7	0.879	1.093	1.372	1.812	2.228	2.359	2.764	3.169	3.581	4.144	4.587
11	0.697	0.876	1.088	1.363	1.796	2.201	2.328	2.718	3.106	3.497	4.025	4.437
12	0.695	0.873	1.083	1.356	1.782	2.179	2.303	2.681	3.055	3.428	3.93	4.318
13	0.694	0.87	1.079	1.35	1.771	2.16	2.282	2.65	3.012	3.372	3.852	4.221
14	0.692	0.868	1.076	1.345	1.761	2.145	2.264	2.624	2.977	3.326	3.787	4.14
15	0.691	0.866	1.074	1.341	1.753	2.131	2.249	2.602	2.947	3.286	3.733	4.073
16	0.69	0.865	1.071	1.337	1.746	2.12	2.235	2.583	2.921	3.252	3.686	4.015
17	0.689	0.863	1.069	1.333	1.74	2.11	2.224	2.567	2.898	3.222	3.646	3.965
18	0.688	0.862	1.067	1.33	1.734	2.101	2.214	2.552	2.878	3.197	3.611	3.922
19	0.688	0.861	1.066	1.328	1.729	2.093	2.205	2.539	2.861	3.174	3.579	3.883
20	0.687	0.86	1.064	1.325	1.725	2.086	2.197	2.528	2.845	3.153	3.552	3.85
21	0.686	0.859	1.063	1.323	1.721	2.08	2.189	2.518	2.831	3.135	3.527	3.819
22	0.686	0.858	1.061	1.321	1.717	2.074	2.183	2.508	2.819	3.119	3.505	3.792
23	0.685	0.858	1.06	1.319	1.714	2.069	2.177	2.5	2.807	3.104	3.485	3.768
24	0.685	0.857	1.059	1.318	1.711	2.064	2.172	2.492	2.797	3.091	3.467	3.745
25	0.684	0.856	1.058	1.316	1.708	2.06	2.167	2.485	2.787	3.078	3.45	3.725
26	0.684	0.856	1.058	1.315	1.706	2.056	2.162	2.479	2.779	3.067	3.435	3.707
27	0.684	0.855	1.057	1.314	1.703	2.052	2.158	2.473	2.771	3.057	3.421	3.69
28	0.683	0.855	1.056	1.313	1.701	2.048	2.154	2.467	2.763	3.047	3.408	3.674
29	0.683	0.854	1.055	1.311	1.699	2.045	2.15	2.462	2.756	3.038	3.396	3.659
30	0.683	0.854	1.055	1.31	1.697	2.042	2.147	2.457	2.75	3.03	3.385	3.464
40	0.681	0.851	1.05	1.303	1.684	2.021	2.123	2.423	2.704	2.971	3.307	3.551
50	0.679	0.849	1.047	1.299	1.676	2.009	2.109	2.403	2.678	2.937	3.261	3.496
60	0.679	0.848	1.045	2.296	1.671	2	2.099	2.39	2.66	2.915	2.232	3.46
80	0.678	0.846	1.043	1.292	1.664	1.99	2.088	2.374	2.639	2.887	3.195	3.416
100	0.677	0.845	1.042	1.29	1.66	1.984	2.081	2.364	2.626	2.871	3.174	3.39
1,000	0.675	0.842	1.037	1.282	1.646	1.962	2.056	2.33	2.581	2.813	3.098	3.3
∞	0.674	0.841	1.036	1.282	1.645	1.96	2.054	2.326	2.576	2.807	3.091	3.291
	50%	60%	70%	80%	90%	95%	96%	98%	99%	99.50%	99.80%	99.90%
Confidence Level C

t-table.xlsx

Statistics 381

Stat Concepts 381

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About the Author

Dr. William Rayens is Professor and the Dr. Bing Zhang Endowed Department Chair in the Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics at the University of Kentucky. Rayens has an extensive research record focused primarily on the development of multivariate and multi-way statistical methodologies mostly related to problems in chemistry and the neurosciences. He has mentored several Ph.D. students and has been honored at both the College and the University level as an outstanding teacher. Rayens also served as Assistant Provost for General Education during which time he was tasked with implementing new general education reforms at the University of Kentucky, the first changes to that program in almost 30 years. Rayens created STA 210: Introduction to Statistical Reasoning in 2010, and designed the one-of-a-kind Technologically Enhanced Active Learning rooms in the Jacobs Science Building where he and his instructors are genuinely privileged to teach STA 210 and use this book.

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